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A Retrospective on Drinking Water
Published in Rhoda G.M. Wang, Water Contamination and Health, 2020
It is important to distinguish between pure water and safe water. Pure water may be defined as water that is free of extraneous substances (2), whether harmless or not, and, from a practical standpoint, impossible to produce. On the other hand, safe water is water that is not likely to cause undesirable or adverse effects (2), although it may contain various contaminants. The crux is embodied in the definition of “safe.” In the regulatory sense, safe means that, although the “purified” water may contain some contaminants, the risks imposed by those contaminants are of an acceptable nature. For example, chlorination is used extensively to disinfect water in the United States. This process introduces trihalomethanes (THM) into the finished product, however, and THM pose potential health risks (3). As expected, differences of opinion exist about the “safety” or “acceptable nature” of contaminants in drinking and surface water, and there is considerable public awareness of this problem, as evidenced by recent articles in the New York Times (4), Washington Post (5), and U.S. News and World Report (6).
Determination of bisphenol A in barreled drinking water by a SPE–LC–MS method
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2020
Secondly, the current production processes of barreled drinking water can not effectively remove BPA. According to National Food Safety Standards—Packaged Drinking Water GB19298-2014, pure water is processed by distillation, electrodialysis, ion exchange, reverse osmosis or other appropriate water purification processes, while other drinking water is only allowed to be treated by degassing, aeration, precipitation, filtration, ozonation or ultraviolet disinfection, not allowed to change the basic physical and chemical characteristics of water. It can be seen that the current barreled drinking water treatment processes focus on the removal of ions, turbidity and bacteria, and do not include a special treatment process that can remove BPA efficiently.
Effect of flat plate collectors in parallel on the performance of the active solar still for Indian coastal climatic conditions
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2019
R. Lalitha Narayana, V. Ramachandra Raju
Water is the essential source for human life and the most important constituent of the environment. Water is the basic need of human being along with air and food. Supply of pure and potable water is a big problem in remote areas. Pure and potable water can be produced from the impure, brackish and saline water through solar distillation and desalination. Solar distillation is the best method for purifying impure water in small scale. Solar stills are widely used in solar distillation. A simple solar still consisting of a water basin, larger absorbing surface and a single glass cover is an ideal design for distillation.
Investigation of the coefficient of heat transfer and daily cumulative production in a single-slope solar distiller at different water depths
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Naseer T. Alwan, S. Shcheklein, Obed Ali
The mechanism of solar distillation is like the mechanism of rain, in which water heated by solar radiation to the degree of evaporation moves upward as vapor and condenses on the transparent cover of the solar distiller. The distillation process removes impurities at the end of the process, and we obtain pure water (Alwan et al., 2020). Limited production of a conventional solar distiller is an important factor that affects its utilization in various applications. Therefore, many studies attempted to improve solar distiller’s productivity by controlling the operation or design conditions.