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Air Compressors
Published in Neil Petchers, Combined Heating, Cooling & Power Handbook: Technologies & Applications, 2020
Air compressors can produce pressures ranging from slightly above atmospheric to more than 60,000 psi (4,000 bar), although most industrial applications use pressures of around 100 psig (7.9 bar). There are two general methods used to compress gaseous matter: Positive displacement compressors compress air (or other gases) by admitting successive volumes of air into a closed space and then decreasing the volume. Reciprocating and rotary screw compressors operate on this principle.Dynamic compressors are machines in which air or gas is compressed by the mechanical action of rotating vanes or impellers imparting velocity and pressure to the air or gas. Dynamic compressors include axial and centrifugal types.
Natural Gas Industry: An Introduction
Published in Pramod Paliwal, Sudhir Yadav, Natural Gas Transmission and Distribution Business, 2019
Pressure regulation mechanism is carried out periodically to ascertain a smooth pipeline flow in the distribution network. Since only lesser quantities of natural gas are moved in the small diameter pipelines, the pressure needed to move the natural gas through the distribution network is substantially lower than that required in the (bulk) transmission pipelines. To put things in perspective, although natural gas traveling through cross-country pipelines may be compressed to as much as 1,500 pounds per square inch (psi), natural gas that traverses through the distribution network requires as little as 3 psi of pressurization and at the minimum only ¼ psi at the customer’s meter. As mentioned previously, the natural gas for distribution is typically depressurized at or near the CGS (at the DRS), and if needed is also scrubbed and filtered (even though it has already been processed previously at the time of transmission through cross-country pipelines) to tackle moisture and unwanted particulate content, if any. In addition, Mercaptan, the odorant, is added by the LDCs or CGD companies prior to distribution. This odorant, as also mentioned earlier, is added to make the detection of leaks much easier.
What are plumbing systems?
Published in Samuel L. Hurt, Building Systems in Interior Design, 2017
The water pressure delivered by the utility (from water mains under the streets usually) or from a well, usually runs in the general range of 50–80 psi (pounds per square inch). Occasionally, isolated areas are seen with lower pressure, but higher pressure is rarely seen because it can cause problems with valves, faucets, and piping. When water moves vertically up through a multi-story building, it loses pressure due to gravity (the weight of the water resists the pressure). One pound per square inch is equal to about 17.1 inches of vertical height, so almost 1.0 psi is lost for every 18 inches or so of vertical rise, or about 0.67 psi per one foot vertical. This is rarely a problem in low-rise buildings, but it gets to be a problem in most buildings (with typical water distribution) above six stories or so. Also, most water utilities (and codes) require a device called a reduced pressure zone backflow preventer (RPZBP) on a domestic water service because such a device makes it impossible for contaminated water in a building to move backward along the pipes and into the public system. For many years, RPZBPs were required only for healthcare and food service occupancies, but then all occupancies with mop sinks were added. These days, there are very few buildings that are not required to have RPZBPs. This matters because an RPZBP uses up 10–12 psi of the incoming pressure, equivalent to the first 15 to 18 feet of vertical rise.
Pervious concrete as an alternative pavement strategy: a state-of-the-art review
Published in International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 2020
Barnali Debnath, Partha Pratim Sarkar
To endure the efficacy and long-time serviceability of pavement for acting as a porous media to ensure adequate infiltration, periodic and proper maintenance is very essential for pervious pavements. The most commonly used manual and mechanical rehabilitation techniques to unclog the pavements are sweeping with a broom, pressure washing, vacuum cleaning and the combination of both pressure washing and vacuum sweeping. Ferguson (2005) conveyed that the infiltration of porous concrete specimens exposed to sand sediments could be immediately restored with pressure washing and brooming. Haselbach (2010) have also suggested the removal of debris from the surface by sweeping. The permeability a clogged pervious concrete pavement can be restored up to 80–90% in some cases when the pavement is undergone pressure washing (Tong 2011). The typical pressure applied should be carefully determined, which is normally approximately 20.7 MPa (3,000 psi) (Chopra et al.2010).
Twist beam development at an early design stage: Effect of suspension and body characteristics on rear suspension durability
Published in Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines, 2020
Guilherme Carneiro, Marco Túlio Anjos, Ernani Sales Palma
Another factor related to the force transmissibility is the tire pressure. Tire pressure is defined during development considering three factors: dynamic comfort, tire wear and fuel consumption. Tire pressure values may range from 28 to 40 Psi depending on vehicle class.Rear suspension torsional stiffness