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Published in Mark Sullman, Lisa Dorn, Advances in Traffic Psychology, 2019
In order to make maximum use of local expertise in finding design solutions to the problems described in the survey we decided to increase the amount of community involvement through a series of participatory design workshops. Participatory design is a process that involves eliciting the knowledge, ideas, and opinions of users throughout the stages of design (Maarttola and Saariluoma, 2002; Reich et al., 1996; Tang and Waters, 2005). Participatory design techniques have been used in a variety of contexts since the 1970s but perhaps have enjoyed the greatest use in the design of software and human-computer interfaces (Floyd et al., 1989). One of the main goals of participatory design is to elicit the tacit or implicit knowledge of users, knowledge that designers may lack to the extent that they are not users of the system or artefact being designed. Participatory design has enjoyed some success in transport planning and urban design (Hardie, 1988; Maarttola and Saariluoma, 2002; Tang and Waters, 2005), and so for the present project we decided to employ participatory design techniques to use the residents' knowledge about the transport issues in their community.
When people are the mission of a ship—design and user research in the marine industry
Published in Pentti Kujala, Liangliang Lu, Marine Design XIII, 2018
Participatory design methodologies generally engage end-users and designers through group discussions, collaborative design exercises, scenario building and problem-solving tasks. Common, shared objects facilitate communication across disciplinary and social boundaries in order to create a common language, share knowledge and enable storytelling between stakeholders (Broberg et al., 2011). These objects may vary widely, however in design contexts often take the form of paper-based design sketching, scaled or full-size physical mockups, 2D and 3D Computer-Aided Design modelling, mapping scenarios, and analyzing documents or processes. Ultimately, the purpose of introducing participatory design processes is to create a collaborative framework to elicit and utilize highly specialized “expert” enduser knowledge. This aims to facilitate communication between designers and end-users in an effort to develop more user-centered, user-friendly design solutions onboard ships.
Soldier-centered Design and Evaluation Techniques
Published in Pamela Savage-Knepshield, John Martin, John Lockett, Laurel Allender, Designing Soldier Systems, 2018
Participatory design is an approach to system evaluation, design, and development that incorporates the active involvement of intended users in the design and decision-making processes. It actively engages end-users in the process of solving design problems. One design problem faced by the manpack radio design team was to determine how best to prioritize the items within its menus. Another was the lack of symbology in Military Standard 2525C, which was needed for labeling keypad buttons. Initially, one system engineer was skeptical and believed that results from the card sorting and icon assessment tasks would not provide a clear design direction; it was believed that strong patterns of agreement among the participants would not emerge. However, results demonstrated fairly strong agreement among the participants, identified a menu tree structure that was well organized, and soldier-selected icons bore a family resemblance. As a result, the team’s trust in participatory design techniques was gained. An overview of the methodology and results of each technique follow.
The “humane in the loop”: Inclusive research design and policy approaches to foster capacity building assistive technologies in the COVID-19 era
Published in Assistive Technology, 2022
John Bricout, Julienne Greer, Noelle Fields, Ling Xu, Priscila Tamplain, Kris Doelling, Bonita Sharma
Marginalized populations, including people with disabilities and older adults, are too frequently left out of the design loop. A participatory design process is the antidote to the neglect that the stories, aspirations, and needs IAT users often face (Baker et al., 2015; Gandy et al., 2017). Design that has a future orientation aims to re-envision how new technology is creative, exploratory, and draws inspiration from possibilities (Micheli et al., 2019). The costs associated with developing new IAT, while an impediment, on the one hand, can also be a spur to innovation on the other, as low-cost alternatives are developed (Ienca et al., 2018). Participatory design extends the user-centric premise further, in a co-creation process with ideas and insights drawn from all people at every step of the design process (Wilkinson & De Angeli, 2014). User-centric design enhances the IAT user’s autonomy, dignity, and capabilities, and is a benefice-oriented, value-sensitive approach to resolving competing interests empowering the end user (Ienca et al., 2017, 2018). To realize the “humane in the loop,” a participatory, user-centric design process is ideal, and serves as a bridge to imagined futures in which intelligent assistive technologies and supportive policies are developed that resonate with the needs and aspirations of people with disabilities and older adults.
MedTech innovation across the life course – the importance of users and usability
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2022
Wendy B. Tindale, Paul Dimitri
Both Hampshire et al. [23] and Lanfranchi et al. [24] focus on user attitudes and views on specific technologies, gathered at the pre-development/early development phase, to elicit user perspectives on future innovations, noting that extending the diversity of user groups consulted can help to reduce the likelihood of intervention-generated inequalities [17] and improve the likelihood of more widespread and sustained adoption. It can also widen the opportunity for new applications of the technology to be discovered, and hence improve business potential and healthcare benefits. Lanfranchi et al. looked at user attitudes towards virtual home assessment technologies, to be used to support occupational therapy assessments for patient discharge; user involvement identified the added potential application for use in an ambulance setting, which had previously not been considered [24]. In their case study describing the development of a “toolbox” to support children and young people with juvenile idiopathic arthritis, Wheeler et al. describe the value of multi-stakeholder engagement involving children, young people, their parents and professionals [13]. Using participatory design supports a deeper level of understanding about lived experience, diversity of opinion and allows a safe space for competing priorities from each stakeholder group to be considered, resulting in an outcome that has the potential to benefit all those taking part.
A structural approach for the redesign of a small-scale care facility as a guideline for decision-makers
Published in Intelligent Buildings International, 2020
Emelieke Huisman, Rianne Appel-Meulenbroek, Helianthe Kort
This study aims to present a framework for a structural approach for a decision-making process to help to create enriched small-scale care facilities for older people with a frail health condition. Small-scale care in the Netherlands is aimed at providing nursing care in small groups (6–10 residents per group) while emphasizing normalization of daily life and encouraging residents to participate in activities (Verbeek et al. 2010, 662–670). The focus of this study was placed on redesigning a common living room of a small-scale care facility by using the perspectives of the different stakeholders via a participatory design approach. Participatory design is an approach that actively involves all stakeholders in the design process to ensure that the end results are practical and meet each stakeholder’s needs (Kang, Choo, and Watters 2015, 830–833). Concepts are developed together with users so that they fit better with what users do and want to do. The aim of this study was to adapt, develop and evaluate a structural approach when planning and (re)designing long-term care facilities. The structural approach presented in this study focused on understanding both the residents’ and healthcare professionals’ perception. It provides support for communication and collaboration for the difficulties that may arise in the design process.