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Higher-Level Programming
Published in Syed R. Rizvi, Microcontroller Programming, 2016
An operator is a symbol that helps the user to command the computer to do a certain mathematical or logical manipulations. An operand is something that an operator acts on. We have seen the assignment operator before. Operators are used to operate on data and variables. C has many operators which can be classified as Mathematical operatorsRelational operatorsLogical operatorsAssignment operators
Instruction Set and Assembler Language Programming
Published in Fernando E. Valdes-Perez, Ramon Pallas-Areny, Microcontrollers, 2017
Fernando E. Valdes-Perez, Ramon Pallas-Areny
The fields inside brackets are optional. The different fields are separated with one or more blank spaces or with tabs. If the instruction has two operands, a comma separates them. Operands can be constants, symbols, or expressions.
Addressing Class Imbalances in Software Defect Detection
Published in Journal of Computer Information Systems, 2023
We use a dataset from the PROMISE repository.16 The dataset was built from a real-time predictive ground system named JM1 written in C. It characterizes software modules (e.g., functions, methods) in terms of 22 static code features including McCabe metrics11 and Halstead metrics.29 The size of the dataset is 10,885 of which 8,779 (80.6%) are non-defective and 2,106 (19.4%) are defective. Table 1 shows the features of the dataset. Of the 22 features, 5 features (uniq_Op, uniq_Opnd, total_Op, total_Opnd, and branchCount) are non-numerical, 1 feature (defects) is boolean, and the rest are numerical. For efficient learning, the five non-numerical features were converted to numerical. For accurate learning, any rows with invalid values were dropped. There were 5 rows having an invalid value in Operator operand metrics and Branch metric. After the pre-processing, the size of the dataset became 10,880 (8,777 non-defective and 2,103 defective).
Teaching redundant residue number system for electronics and computer students
Published in International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 2022
Performance in many very large-scale integration (VLSI) systems such as cryptography and digital signal processing (DSP) is mainly limited by the speed of the arithmetic operations including adders and multipliers. On the other hand, the computation speed of the arithmetic operations strongly depends on the operands encoding. In a conventional binary number system, the arithmetic operation speed is reduced by increasing the number of operand bits (Parhami, 2009). In a ripple-carry adder, for example, the computation speed is lowered by increasing the carry propagation chain from the least-significant-bit to the most-significant-bit. This limitation has led to develop other number systems to accelerate the computation speed of arithmetic operations. To this end, many efforts have been made to implement arithmetic operations for the following unconventional number systems: residue number system, redundant number system, and redundant residue number system.
Swarm Intelligence-based Optimized Adaptive Filtering Technique for ECG Data Analysis System
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
Manoharan Tamilselvi, J. Senthilkumar, V. Mohanraj, Y. Suresh
The corresponding filter update is obtained by the inner product computation which is due to long critical path in direct-form LMS adaptive filter. This direct form is performed under the non-pipelining method that is mainly based on the assumption of an arithmetic operation which will start only after the complete input operand words. Figure 2 shows the LMS implementation of LMS adaptive filters that are assumed as the addition in a multiply-add operation only processed after the completion of the multiplication. Hence, conventional LMS algorithm cannot be supported with the pipeline implementation because of reduction of critical-path delay calls for cretin time period. This critical path delay will be estimated at higher path so that no pipeline has the difference of modified section in adaptive filter [14].