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Let’s Find Out
Published in S. Kanimozhi Suguna, M. Dhivya, Sara Paiva, Artificial Intelligence (AI), 2021
Jayden Khakurel, Indu Manimaran, Jari Porras
Quantitative data collected from the two sessions were analyzed using the statistical data analysis language R and the descriptive statistical analysis functions available in R core (R Core Team 2017) and the psych library (Revelle 2017). We first used the Mann–Whitney U test (Wohlin et al. 2012) to analyze the difference in distributions between the data sets. A continuity correction was enabled to compensate for non-continuous variables (Bergmann and Ludbrook 2000). The Bonferroni correction was used to adjust the p-value to compensate for the family-wise error rate in multiple comparisons (Abdi 2007). We calculated the effect size r using the guidelines by Tofan et al. (2016) for the Mann–Whitney U test. We evaluated the effect size as proposed by Cohen (1994): in r, a large effect is 0.5, a medium effect is 0.3, and a small effect is 0.1.
Dynamic control and conventional strength ratios of the quadriceps and hamstrings in subjects with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency
Published in Thomas Reilly, Julie Greeves, Advances in Sport, Leisure and Ergonomics, 2003
C. D. Hole, G. H. Smith, J. Hammond, A. Kumar, J. Saxton, T. Cochrane
The subjects underwent repetition of the assessment after a rest period of 10 days to allow for recovery from muscle soreness. The values included for analysis were the highest peak torques achieved by an individual subject over the two assessment sessions. This method of selection was decided to be the best means of identifying the values that represented the maximal measure that the dynamometric assessment was seeking to record. This met Dvir’s (1995) suggested criteria for analysing isokinetic peak torques. None of the data was normally distributed; therefore the Mann-Whitney U test was employed throughout the analyses.
Research Findings
Published in Michael Ekow Manuel, Maritime Risk and Organizational Learning, 2017
These analyses were done to check for differences between the categorical respondent variable nationality, grouped as OECD/non-OECD and rank, grouped as operational level/management level for the continuous variables TPS, LI, WE and OL. Tests for normality of the grouped samples as per the continuous variables indicated the assumptions of normality for parametric tests were not met. The Mann-Whitney U test (non-parametric equivalent of the t-test for independent samples) was therefore used.12
Critical indoor environmental factors affecting productivity: perspectives from university staff and postgraduate students
Published in Building Research & Information, 2023
Fengxuan Liu, Alice Chang-Richards, Kevin I-Kai Wang, Kim Natasha Dirks
Mean values of the 16 IEQ factors were calculated using the seven-point Likert scale and one-sample t-test was conducted to identify the critical IEQ factors. A Mann–Whitney U test was undertaken to explore whether the perceived importance of each indoor environment factor significantly differ based on roles at the university. A Mann–Whitney U test is a commonly used non-parametric test to compare two independent groups (McCrum-Gardner, 2008), with a p-value less than .05 indicating significant differences (Kang et al., 2018; Pereira & Leslie, 2010). As a supplement, Cliff’s delta (d) was calculated as the effect size measurement to further illustrate the magnitude of differences due to its high robustness and power (Chi et al., 2020; Cliff, 1993). Additionally, the nature of the effect size will aid future studies that seek to compare and consulate results of related studies.
Exploring the challenges of implementing design for excellence in industrialized construction projects in China
Published in Building Research & Information, 2023
Ibrahim Yahaya Wuni, Zezhou Wu, Geoffrey Qiping Shen
Table 3 presents the outcomes of the test of distribution and agreement among the responses. The p-values of the Shapiro–Wilk test are less than 0.05 for the investigated challenges, indicating that the ratings of the significance levels of the 31 challenges are non-normally distributed. The p-values of the Mann–Whitney U test are all higher than 0.05, indicating no statistically significant differences were perceived by the respondents based on their professional backgrounds. The outcome provided statistical legitimacy to treat the data holistically for further analysis. Table 3 also summarizes the mean scores and rankings of the 31 challenges of implementing DfX methods in IC projects in China. Each challenge obtained a mean score higher than 3.6 on the 5-point rating scale, indicating that the respondents assessed all challenges as significant. When two challenges scored the same mean significance index, the one with the lowest standard deviation is ordered higher. Table 3 indicates that C1, C13, C17, C19, C4, and C25 constitute the six most significant challenges to implementing DfX methods in IC projects in China. Due to space restrictions, only these top six challenges are described.
The effect of personal protective equipment use on nurses’ tendencies to make medical errors and types of their medical errors: a cross-sectional study
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2023
Cennet Çiriş Yildiz, Dilek Yildirim, Kardelen Günay
The data obtained within the scope of the study were analyzed with SPSS version 21.0. The descriptive statistics of the continuous variables are presented in terms of mean, standard deviation and minimum and maximum values, and the descriptive statistics of the categorical variables are shown with frequency and percentage values. The study did not include any missing data, and the data for a total of 505 nurses were analyzed. The normality of the distribution of the data was evaluated with Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. It was determined that the data were non-normally distributed. The Kruskal–Wallis H test was used to compare four independent groups. The Mann–Whitney U test was used for two independent groups. A post hoc test was used to define the source of the differences between the groups when the presence of a significant difference was identified. The relationships between the mean scores of the participants on the METNS and their sociodemographic and professional characteristics were evaluated with the Spearman correlation test. The level of significance was accepted as p < 0.05 (two-sided) in all analyses.