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Mechanical testing
Published in William Bolton, R.A. Higgins, Materials for Engineers and Technicians, 2020
Balls of 10, 5 and 1 mm diameter are available; one appropriate to the thickness of the test-piece should be chosen, bearing in mind that the larger the ball, the more accurate the result is likely to be. Having decided upon a suitable ball, we must now select a load which will produce an impression of reasonable proportions. If, for example, in testing a soft metal we use a load which is too great relative to the size of the ball, we shall get an impression similar to that indicated in Figure 3.8A. Here, the ball has sunk to its full diameter, and the result is meaningless. On the other hand, the impression shown in Figure 3.8B would be obtained if the load was too small relative to the ball diameter, and the result would be uncertain. For different materials, then, the ratio P/D2 has been standardised (Table 3.2) in order to obtain accurate and comparable results. In the Brinell test, P is measured in the non-standard unit of kilogram-force (kgf) and D in mm.
Fundamental Concepts
Published in Irving Granet, Jorge Luis Alvarado, Maurice Bluestein, Thermodynamics and Heat Power, 2020
Irving Granet, Jorge Luis Alvarado, Maurice Bluestein
For the engineer, the greater confusion has been the units for mass and weight. As we have noted, the literature abounds with units such as slugs, pounds, mass, pound force, poundal, kilogram force, kilogram mass, dyne, and so on. In the SI system, the base unit for mass (not weight or force) is the kilogram (kg), which is equal to the mass of the international standard kilogram located at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures. It is used to specify the quantity of matter (i.e., number of atomic particles) in a body. The mass of a body never varies, and it is independent of gravitational force.
Process/Pressure Measuring Instruments
Published in Norman A. Anderson, Instrumentation for Process Measurement and Control, 2017
While gravity plays no part in the definition of the pascal, it has the same value wherever it is measured. Units such as pounds-force per square inch and kilogram-force per square centimetre are also independent of gravity because a specific value of gravitational acceleration was selected in defining these units.
Feasibility study of employing mechanically induced long-period fibre grating as optical-based sensors
Published in Journal of Modern Optics, 2021
Titinai Chinggungval, Ravivudh Khun-in, Yuttapong Jiraraksopakun, Apichai Bhatranand
To minimize excessive computation iterations, the stress pattern generated by the attached groove plate was simulated for only one period. As shown in Figure 3, a basic segment of a single-mode optical fibre was used as a model for simulation. In the simulation, the contact area between the plate and the optical fibre was treated as a line load over the surface of an optical fibre. The simulation was conducted based on the ideal condition of a linear elastic material with the Young’s modulus of the fibre core and cladding set at 72.37 and 72.45 GPa, respectively [17]. The Poisson’s ratios of core and cladding used in the simulation were 0.1698 and 0.1700, respectively [17]. The grating plate was designed to handle the load between 0 and 5 kgf (kilogram-force). With the total number of pitches as 20, this yielded the applied force of 0.25 kgf per pitch.
The effect of the menstrual cycle on the sense of touch, grip strength and manual dexterity of dental students
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
Emir İbrahim Işik, Koray Soygun, Öykü Ceren Kahraman, Elif Figen Koçak
A pinchmeter (baseline mechanical pinch gauge) was used for the measurement of lateral grip strength. The measurement was taken with the patient seated and the arms supported, shoulders in adduction and neutral position, the elbow in 90° flexion, the forearm in a neutral position and the wrist in 0–30° extension and 0–15° ulnar deviation. Three measurements were taken and the mean value was recorded as kilogram force. Rest breaks of 30 s were given between measurements [40].