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Integral sustainable design
Published in Rob Fleming, Saglinda H Roberts, Sustainable Design for the Built Environment, 2019
Rob Fleming, Saglinda H Roberts
For centuries, different proportioning systems, sometimes based on nature or mathematics, have been used to choreograph the experiences by people in space. The sense of scale and proportion in design is critical and traditionally was strictly regulated by formulas devised during the classic Greek and Roman periods of architecture. Le Corbusier established a proportioning system based on the human body, Le Modulor, and was developed to create visual unity through out a building. The “Ken” of Japanese architecture is another example of a standardized unit that was used to determine pillar locations and room sizes. The Golden Ration or the Fibonacci series are other proportional standards that have been used in art and architecture for centuries.
Application of statistical analysis for optimizing of column flotation with pine oil for oil shale cleaning
Published in International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, 2022
Ahmed Sobhy, Ahmed Yehia, F.I. El Hosiny, S.S. Ibrahim, Rasha Amin
Oil shale to be economically useful, it should contain a large concentration of kerogen. Therefore, the beneficiation stage to separate the associated gangue minerals from oil shale offers the potential of improving the feasibility of retorting. Oil shale cleaning as a source of fuel was proposed in 1920 (Dolbear 1920), and its cleaning by physical and physicochemical techniques, such as flotation, would be the most appropriate technique due to its flexibility and simplicity (Dyni 2006). The flotation process of oil shale was performed mainly by the mechanical flotation technique due to its availability in the 1980s (Al-Thyabat et al. 2014; Finch and Doby 1991; Jena et al. 2008; Tao, Luttrell, and Yoon 2000; Yahyaei, Banisi, and Javani 2006). However, applying column flotation in the minerals industry received attention in the 1990s, and replaced conventional flotation techniques mainly in flotation circuits. Flotation technique can reject 50–70% of gangue minerals from oil shale before enhancing the reactor productiveness (Zhao, Sun, and Liu 2013). Column flotation is capable of producing a higher quality product, and it has been a cost-effective process due to its fewer maintenance costs with less mechanical parts and its higher capacity. Column flotation of Alabama oil shale was investigated by evaluating the effects of parameters like sparger pore size, feed solid concentration, frother dosage, collector dosage, wash water volumetric rate, and air volumetric rate on oil shale quality and yield (Altun 2016). In a previous study by the authors, kerosene has been utilized as a collector in the flotation technique of oil shale and showed a significant improvement in the separation performance (Sobhy et al. 2019). In addition, Ken-Flote’ column flotation used in upgrading Alabama oil shale produced a high grade concentrate containing as much as 60% organic carbon, and by increasing the retention time in the column, the carbon recovery improved to 75–85% while maintaining the concentrate grades in excess of 40% carbon (Groppo and Parekh 1993).