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Published in Peter B. Gilkey, Invariance Theory, the Heat Equation, and the Atiyah-Singer Index Theorem, 2018
K-homology started with Atiyah’s fundamental paper [Atiyah 10] where he introduced abstract elliptic operators. This has led to a homology theory dual to K-theory and has given the natural setting for index theorems in form of pairing the symbol classes in K-theory with fundamental cycles in K-homology. See [Atiyah 21], [Baum-Douglas 1–4], [Baum-Douglas-Taylor], [Blackadar], [Douglas 2–6], [Douglas-Wojciechowski 1], [Gong], [Guentner], [Haskell 1,2], [Higson 1–5], [Kasparov 1,2], [Melrose-Piazza], [Taylor 1–3], and [Wojciechowski 3] for this concept and for applications.
Mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 is regulated through heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K in lead exposure models
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 2020
Gaochun Zhu, Qian Zhu, Wei Zhang, Chen Hui, Yuwen Li, Meiyuan Yang, Shimin Pang, Yaobing Li, Guoyong Xue, Hongping Chen
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K) belongs to a large family of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) that fulfill a function on multiple aspects of nucleic acid metabolism. Interestingly, hnRNP K is widely expressed in hippocampal cell nucleus, cytoplasm and mitochondria.21 It has a modular structure with three K homology (KH) domains that interact with RNA and ssDNA,22 and a K interactive region (KI) which recruits various factors such as kinases and regulators.23,24 Besides, hnRNP K has nuclear localization signal (NLS) and nuclear shutting domain (KNS) which mediate hnRNP K translocation between cytoplasm and nucleus. Therefore, hnRNP K is thought a docking platform that integrates signals from multiple kinase cascades or regulators, then exports signals including transcription, mRNA stability, mRNA transport and translation, and eventually triggers diverse cellular responses.23,24 It has been reported that the roles of hnRNP K contribute to regulating transcripts coding synaptic plasticity and forming learning and memory. At excitatory synapses, hnRNP K regulates transcripts coding synaptic proteins including GluN1, GluA1, brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CamKII), then enhances the synaptic NMDAR activities and improves NMDAR-mediated mEPSC and long-term potentiation (LTP) in hippocampal synapses, and finally boosts learning and memory.25 An interesting study has found that adiponectin could facilitate UCP2 mRNA stabilization and its protein synthesis in mitochondria of hepatic endothelial cells in this process involving hnRNP K.15 But, the mechanism that hnRNP K modulates the UCP2 expression in lead exposure has not been reported.