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Learning to Collaborate in Development Policy
Published in Evelyn Brister, Robert Frodeman, A Guide to Field Philosophy, 2020
Many of these assumptions are perfectly natural when we are considering how a more just version of Canada or Britain or the United States might look. All three have a significant history of stable, though imperfect, institutions, a broad respect for the rule of law, and governing bodies that largely have the capacity to execute their plans. Citizens of these countries are also broadly well off by global standards and have access to resources that aid them in their development. Ideal theory just treats these conditions as given and imagines what society would be like if we had an even better set of institutions, or a more moral populace.
An alternative sensitivity method for a two-dimensional inverse heat conduction-radiation problem based on transient hot-wire measurements
Published in Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B: Fundamentals, 2018
The transient hot-wire method is the most widely used in the industrial field for the determination of the thermal conductivity. It is simple and fast as is based on transient measurements of the temperature rise in a medium surrounding a uniformly heated wire. This method uses an ideal theory assuming the hot-wire as an infinitely thin and long line heat source, and considering the sample as an infinite medium. Based on the Fourier diffusion law, the hot-wire method applies only to purely conductive media and could theoretically not be used for materials including radiative heat transfer [12]. In practice, the heated wire should be long enough to satisfy the assumption of one-dimensional heat transfer required by the method. Due to the radiation phenomenon, the influence of the edge effects is more pronounced [1, 12]. In this case, longer wires should be used, which decreases the interest of the method.
On the finiteness of accessibility test for nonlinear discrete-time systems
Published in International Journal of Control, 2021
Mohammad Amin Sarafrazi, Ewa Pawłuszewicz, Zbigniew Bartosiewicz, Ülle Kotta
Let us recall some basic facts from ideal theory. An idealI of a commutative ring is a subset of with the properties that if and then and . The radical of an ideal I of , denoted by , is the set . If I coincides with its own radical, then I is called a radical ideal. The real radical of I, denoted by , is the set of all for which there are natural m, k and such that . If I, J are ideals of , then (i) the real radical of I is an ideal of , (ii) , (iii) if then , see Bochnak, Coste, and Roy (1998). A semialgebraic (respectively semianalytic) set X is a set such that for every there is an open neighbourhood V of x with property that is a finite Boolean combination of sets and where are polynomial functions (respectively analytic functions). For a set , the Zariski closure of A is defined as the smallest algebraic variety containing A, and is denoted by .