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Modelling geologic surfaces
Published in Martin Lloyd Smith, Geologic and Mine Modelling using Techbase and Lynx, 2020
The process of defining rectangular components is repeated on adjacent parallel sections until an adequate portion of the structure has been modeled. These components will not coincide on their fore and back planes with adjacent components. While defining components, it is desirable to be able to view adjacent components. To do this select Volume ⇒ Replicate and enter the name and the plane (MP, FP, or BP) of the component to be placed in memory and projected onto the current view-plane. This boundary can then be accessed by the Define functions Pick and Segment. This component will be displayed in red outline and is more than background display since it can be picked and used to define common vertices between different viewplanes or as in the contact between zones 7 and 8. Also, note that the volume background display can be toggled on and off from the Volume Data Define menu by selecting Viewplane ⇒ Background and toggling the volume display off. The display parameters for background display must be accessed from the main menu as per normal. When checking adjacent components for overlap, consider changing the volume display component fill to hatching.
Why Do We Need BIM? 1
Published in Jonathan Ingram, Understanding BIM, 2020
To fully represent a simple three-dimensional object, it is usually necessary to develop separate views of the object in question. A single 3D drawing will certainly show the essence but to accurately show the complete object different views of the object must be formed. Each view in turn may contain a symbolic representation of the actual geometry. It might also contain other detail in order to show all facets of a complex object. Each of these views comprises its own array of lines of different types, including parts of lines where one edge of the object passes from one view to another. In many circumstances it is usual to apply additional drawing conventions such as colours, line-styles, hatching and shading to add realism or technical detail to drawings.
Engineering drawing
Published in Roger Timings, Engineering Fundamentals, 2007
The rules for producing and reading sectioned drawings can be summarized as follows. Drawings are only sectioned when it is impossible to show the internal details of a component in any other way.Bolts, studs, nuts, screws, keys, cotters and shafts are not usually sectioned even when the cutting plane passes through them.Ribs and webs are not sectioned when parallel to the cutting plane.The cutting plane must be indicated in the appropriate view.Hidden detail is not shown in sectioned views when it is already shown in another view.The section shading (hatching) is normally drawn at 45° to the outline of the drawing using thin, continuous lines that are half the thickness of the outline. If the outline contains an angle of 45° then the hatching angle can be changed to avoid confusion.Adjacent parts are hatched in opposite directions. To show more than two adjacent parts, the spacing between the hatched lines can be varied. A practical example of sectioning is shown in Fig. 5.16.
Evaluation of the developmental toxicity of solvents, metals, drugs, and industrial chemicals using a freshwater snail (Biomphalaria glabrata) assay
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2022
Rosângela Ribeiro de-Carvalho, Maria Regina Gomes-Carneiro, Barbara Rodrigues Geraldino, Gabrielle da Silveira Lopes, Francisco José Roma Paumgartten
As the embryotoxic response to these substances illustrates, CR curves for occurrence of morphological abnormalities (teratogenicity) parallel those for hatching retardation. This may be attributed to the fact that most malformed embryos that had survived to day 10 failed to successfully hatch. When the evaluation of embryotoxicity endpoints was extended to the 14th post-spawning day, it was noted that almost all unhatched embryos examined after day 10 were also malformed. Concentration-dependent increases in the occurrence of misshapen embryos/snails (teratogenicity) and in hatching retardation were found for all tested chemicals. (Table 3). Irrespective of the chemical tested, the level at which the teratogenicity and hatching retardation rates reached a peak value preceded the marked rises in embryolethality that, subsequently led to declines in the proportion of malformed and unhatched embryos.
Potency matters: Impacts of embryonic exposure to nAChR agonists thiamethoxam and nicotine on hatching success, growth, and neurobehavior in larval zebrafish
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2022
Shayla Victoria, Megan Hein, Elisabeth Harrahy, Tisha C King-Heiden
Hatching is a fairly complex process, which requires nervous system and motor functioning to occur (Fraysse, Mons, and Garric 2006; Miller, Kendall, and Miller 2009). Reduced hatching success was noted in both TM-treated and NIC-treated zebrafish embryos in our parallel studies. Differences in concentration-related effects are likely due to variation in binding affinity and/or metabolism of the two compounds. The observed nonmonotonic dose–response in zebrafish hatching success after chronic TM exposure was not expected, given previous findings that only a proportion of fathead minnow embryos experienced a decrease in hatching success at similar TM concentrations (Victoria et al. 2022). The chorion of zebrafish embryos is relatively soft and comprised of fewer layers (Bonsignorio et al. 1996) compared to that of fathead minnows (Manner, Vancura, and Muehleman 1977). Differences in biochemical composition or surface structures of chorions may have enabled greater uptake of TM by zebrafish embryos compared with fathead minnow embryos. Given the nonmonotonic dose response in zebrafish embryos, it is difficult to predict whether or not diminished hatching success following chronic exposure to TM might exert a major impact on wild fish populations. In natural fish habitats, the time at which hatching occurs is crucial for growth, development, and survival in the first year of life. These hatching-related effects were reported to last into the second year of life (Divino and Tonn 2007; Simonin et al. 2016). Thus, hatching remains an endpoint of interest for toxicological studies in other species of fish.
Surface alignment of nematic liquid crystals by direct laser writing of photopolymer alignment layers
Published in Liquid Crystals, 2023
Uroš Jagodič, Mahendran Vellaichamy, Miha Škarabot, Igor Muševič
We should note that by using 63× objective for printing, surfaces with less pronounced grooves with hatching periodicity were observed. However, these alignment layers also resulted in good quality twisted nematic cells. This indicates two different mechanisms of azimuthal surface anchoring on printed polymer surfaces: (i) parallel grooves are visible in AFM images at higher hatching distances and are responsible for azimuthal anchoring along the Berreman’s model. (ii) In addition, there must be another mechanism that is effective on a nanoscale, indicating local polymer chain alignment due to the voxel movement along the printing direction.