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Technological Constraints
Published in Steven D. Jaffe, Airspace Closure and Civil Aviation, 2016
But Antarctic polar flying is another story. Due to the spatial arrangements of the continents, with Antarctica centered on the South Pole, and the nearest major cities exceedingly far away, there are no commercial flights today that could be considered trans-Antarctic. Only one route has ever come close: Qantas’ non-stop service from Sydney to Buenos Aires (Qantas ended the Buenos Aires service in 2012, shifting the flight to Santiago where it has better connections with LAN and other Oneworld alliance partners). The great circle route between the two cities would take the aircraft to about 60 degrees south latitude—south of the Antarctic Circle and almost over the continent (Figure 1.16). But, in practice, Qantas intentionally used a longer, more northerly heading, and reportedly has a policy of not flying south of 65 degrees.
Composite Great Circles
Published in Philip M. Smith, Terrestrial Navigation, 2017
From the Figure 6.1, it can be seen that the land makes the route impassable, so the navigator chooses a safe Limiting Latitude to avoid it. The ship will be perfectly safe to sail along a Great Circle route until the vessel reaches this Latitude.
An energy-efficient nonlinear robust track keeping control algorithm for the Maritime Silk Road
Published in Journal of Marine Engineering & Technology, 2020
Guangping Yang, XianKu Zhang, Yongxiao Feng
The route begins at the port of Quanzhou, then voyages along the southeast coast of China to the South China Sea. After passing through the Xisha Islands and the Nansha Islands, it arrives at the destination port–Singapore. Figure 2 shows the route diagram of Quanzhou-Singapore, while the route planning of Quanzhou-Singapore is listed in Table 1. Considering the narrow waters in the harbour of Quanzhou and Singapore, the starting and ending waypoints are designed to the corresponding wide waters. Based on the Mercator chart, the segmented constant lines make up the great circle route. With reference to the recommended routes in the books World Ocean Road and Route Planning, the climate, water depth, current, and the avoidance of the islands, reefs and other dangerous obstacles are taken into account in the route planning, as well as maintaining a sufficient safety distance to land (10 n mile above).
A voyage planning tool for ships sailing between Europe and Asia via the Arctic
Published in Ships and Offshore Structures, 2020
Zhiyuan Li, Jonas W. Ringsberg, Francisco Rita
In the analysis of the results from the VPT, it is shown that when the ships were navigating in ice-infested waters, the VPT can search and suggest routes that least ice is encountered. Figure 7 shows an example of a route in the Kara Sea. The route deviates from the great circle route that is the shortest in distance. Instead, the route is optimised to avoid as much ice as possible. Figure 7 also shows that the routing algorithm not only accounts for the ice thickness but also the ice concentration. This indicates that the ice resistance model described in Section 3 is properly implemented in this voyage planning tool.