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Opportunities for Hydrogen Production from Urban/Industrial Wastewater in Bioelectrochemical Systems
Published in Sonia M. Tiquia-Arashiro, Deepak Pant, Microbial Electrochemical Technologies, 2020
Albert Guisasola, Juan Antonio Baeza, Antonella Marone, Éric Trably, Nicolas Bernet
The MEC reactor built by Escapa et al. (2015) was designed as a modular pilot-scale system with independent elements. Two twin membraneless MEC units of 6 L each were studied in this work. Each flat module had an integrated anode and cathode in a single chamber configuration. The anode was based on thick graphite felt, while the cathode was a Ni-based gas diffusion electrode and both were separated by a porous geotextile element. Urban wastewater was treated, obtaining COD removal between 10 and 70% depending on the load applied. H2 productivity around 0.005 m3/m3/d was observed, with a purity of 87%. However, H2 recycling phenomenon was detected, decreasing the energy efficiency of the system. The authors suggested that for a proper scale-up of MEC systems, special attention should be paid to hydrogen management, fluid dynamics inside the anodic chamber, and the adaptation of microbial communities during the start-up.
Design and Functional Modules of Digital Protective Relays
Published in Vladimir Gurevich, Digital Protective Relays, 2017
The flat module SMPS (Figure 2.54) is the universal power supply of microprocessor-based protective relays of such series as SPAC, SPAD, SPAU, and so on, which is moved in the relay case. Naturally, to use the relay design of the LPS with the large transformer is inconvenient. But, what prevents using three separate small transformers instead of one large transformer with three secondary windings? There certainly is enough space on the PCB of the LPS. In this case, the overall dimensions of the LPS will not differ much from those of the SMPS. Even in the case of a powerful source with one level of an output voltage, it is possible to use some of the flat transformers connected between themselves in parallel. So, the presence of the small transformer is not an absolute advantage of SMPSs.
Certification and Characterization of Photovoltaic Packaging
Published in Michelle Poliskie, Solar Module Packaging, 2016
For flat module displays, the module temperature is typically 10 to 20 Κ above ambient temperature at peak sunlight. The module temperature (Tmodule), in Kelvin (K), is a function of solar irradiance (Iirr), in watts per square meter (W/m2), the wind speed, in meters per second (m/s), and ambient temperature (Tambient), in Kelvin (Equation 2.28): Tmodule =IirrT(e(a+b)(windspeed))+Tambient The constants are determined empirically but are usually between -3.58 to −2.98 and −0.130 to −0.0455 for a and b, respectively when temperature is measured in degrees Celsius (°C) [40–42]. It is typical for a module to spend at least one-third of its lifetime at elevated temperatures [43].
Filterability of exopolysaccharides solutions from the red microalga Porphyridium cruentum by tangential filtration on a polymeric membrane
Published in Environmental Technology, 2020
Lisa Zaouk, Anthony Massé, Patrick Bourseau, Samir Taha, Murielle Rabiller-Baudry, Sébastien Jubeau, Benoit Teychené, Jérémy Pruvost, Pascal Jaouen
As several flux-PTM curves had to be established up to the limiting flux with the same membrane, this one would work in highly fouling conditions. Therefore, an effective cleaning protocol had to be determined in order to clean correctly the membrane and recover its permeability over several cycles. Superficial velocity in spiral wound modules with feed spacer is in the range of 0.2–0.3 m s−1 [28,29]. According to the recommendations of the flat module manufacturer, the first filtration run and the membrane cleaning tests were performed with a thin 0.5 mm thick fluid vein with no spacer, and at a fluid velocity of 1 m s–1 for which the flux-TMP relation was intended to be close the one with a 1.5 mm thick vein with a spacer. The efficiency of the cleaning protocol was assessed with the EPS solution SA at 20°C (run 1* in Table 3).