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National practices of public involvement
Published in Gianluca Ferraro, The Politics of Radioactive Waste Management, 2018
The last point leads to a final important consideration: absence of evidence is not evidence of absence. The chapter analyses the information provided by MSs in their NPs. Therefore, we cannot assume that the absence of information on the use of some of these instruments in the official documents implies that they are certainly not used. The following sections and the information represented in Figure 5.1 are based on the data contained in the NPs and supporting documents (i.e. the available national reports).
Nanotechnology-Based Biopharmaceutical Systems
Published in Bhupinder Singh, Om Prakash Katare, Eliana B. Souto, NanoAgroceuticals & NanoPhytoChemicals, 2018
Rajashree Gude, Sarwar Beg, Harmanjot Kaur, Teenu Sharma, Bhupinder Singh, Umesh Banakar
It is an undisputed fact that the knowledge and control of the size of particles, and surface area of a particle, can be related to the physical, chemical, and pharmacologic properties of drugs. Harvesting distinctive advantages offered by nanotechnology, a plethora of opportunities to develop nanotechnology-based drug-delivery systems that are more effective and stable, biologically as well as clinically, have been realized. The chapter encompasses a few case studies demonstrating phenomenal potential of such systematically developed nanoformulations in augmenting the bioefficacy and potential therapeutic outcomes of a couple of phytobioactives and drugs. While nanotechnology in the product development of various drugs and bioactives has been maturing at rapid pace, as is evidenced by the proliferation of research reports and findings in literature, yet it is time to translate research findings into a tangible embodiment of physic-chemically stable, and biologically and clinically effective commercial products. This certainly needs attention with the perspective of reducing the time involved, while translating research findings to practice. Beyond a doubt, “absence of evidence” can never be taken as the “evidence of absence”! In this context, a renewed focus is essential to improve our understanding of the essential requirements, while harvesting the “vigors” of nanotechnology-enabled robust pharmaceutical systems that can withstand the “rigors” of various stages of drug development. Already, a humble endeavor has been made, while scribbling the current chapter, in delineating the vital manufacturing process considerations while successfully translating the laboratory level studies for developing nanostructured formulations into marketable commodities. Besides, sufficient attention should be provided to various elements of processing of drug delivery systems and their implications on their respective biopharmaceutical and clinical outcomes. According to the adage, “proof is in the pudding, and the devil is in the details,” substantial attention to details at the “nano level,” such as elements of pharmaceutical processing of such formulations, with the “macro” objective of reducing the time between research to practice. should be the guiding principles.
The role of hydrovolcanism in the formation of the Cenozoic monogenetic volcanic fields of Zealandia
Published in New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 2020
The determination of whether or not magma fragmentation was influenced or directly triggered by magma and water interaction is challenging as there are no tools available to directly test it. Evidence of the action of hydrovolcanism during magma fragmentation is usually indirect often from a common set of micro- and macro-textural features consistent with magma and water interaction including micro and macro textural features of on the chilled margins of pyroclasts, presence of accretionary lapilli and the dominance of pyroclastic density current deposits rich in accidental lithic clasts derived from conduit walls at the crater rim (Németh and Kósik 2020). The problem is perfectly highlighted in a recent review pointing it out that ‘absence of evidence is not evidence of absence’ (White and Valentine 2016). This statement highlights the problem that even if we cannot see direct evidence that hydromagmatic processes took place during a volcanic eruption that is not evidence to say it didn't happen (White and Valentine 2016). In this paper we will restrict ourselves to a list ‘common wisdoms’ used to identify features generated by hydrovolcanism-associated with eruptions of small volume volcanoes in the New Zealand context. There are at least three levels of scale of observations used in New Zealand volcanology to establish magma-water influenced eruption styles in the Cenozoic. These are based on landscape level recognition of volcanic features and macroforms that can be linked to hydrovolcanism, outcrop scale lithofacies and facies relationships in both a vertical and lateral sense, and microtextural works focusing on juvenile pyroclast textures that can be associated with MFCI processes. Unfortunately none of the above mentioned observations can provide unique and decisive arguments to establish hydrovolcanic origin of an eruption sequence of a volcano, volcanic erosion remnant or volcanic successions in the geological record (Lorenz 1987; Graettinger et al. 2015; White and Valentine 2016; Amin and Valentine 2017; Sonder et al. 2018; Németh and Kósik 2020). Recent research is heavily focused on finding a link between eruption styles and resultant volcanic macroforms and deposits. Here we provide some common methods applied in New Zealand in recent years to establish phreatomagmatic origin of volcanoes and volcanic successions.