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Genetic Diversity in Natural Resources Management
Published in Yeqiao Wang, Landscape and Land Capacity, 2020
Thomas Joseph McGreevy, Jeffrey A. Markert
Molecular markers can be used to detect the presence of a species, estimate census and effective population sizes, determine sex ratios, and measure other key demographic parameters. Detecting the presence of a species is important to determine their geographic distribution and potential range decline. The concept of an effective population size was introduced by Wright[8] and in general terms is the number of individuals in an ideal population that would lose genetic diversity through sampling losses at the same rate as the observed population. It is generally smaller than the census size because not all individuals in a population contribute the same number of offspring to the next generation. It is critical to understand how quickly genetic diversity will be lost in a population, which in part is dictated by their effective population size.[1] Two important demographic parameters for managing a population are census size and density. Molecular genetic techniques can be used to identify individuals by determining their unique genotype and quantify a population size using traditional mark recapture methods, which also can be used to estimate the density of individuals per area. This technique can be used with non-invasively collected samples and replace the physical marking of individuals using unique markers, such as ear tags. Sex chromosome-specific markers can be used to determine sex ratios and model population dynamics.[7]
The impact of digitalization and digital logistics platform adoption on organizational performance in maritime logistics of Taiwan
Published in Maritime Policy & Management, 2023
Chung-Shan Yang, Moses Shang-Min Lin
The purpose of this research is to empirically investigate the dynamics between digitalization, digital logistics platform adoption, digital transformation, and organizational performance in the maritime logistics industry. The initial section of the questionnaire consists of four items related to digitalization, four items regarding digital logistics platform adoption, five items addressing digital transformation, and four items focusing on organizational performance. The subsequent section of the questionnaire includes six items aimed at collecting background information from the respondents and their respective companies. Therefore, a questionnaire survey was conducted among the member companies of the National Association of Chinese Shipowners (NACS) and the International Ocean Freight Forwarders and Logistics Association (IOFFLA), as well as the staff from Taiwan International Port Corporation (TIPC), which manages seven international ports. A total of five hundred and three postal questionnaires, each with a return envelope, were sent out using a systematic sampling method. The potential effective population size for this study was reduced to 465, as 38 respondents had left their companies or their companies had ceased operations. Ultimately, 165 valid responses were received, resulting in a response rate of 35.5%.
Thirty years of conservation genetics in New Zealand: what have we learnt?
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2019
The high mutation rate and heterozygosity (H) shown by most microsatellite loci make them the acid test for revealing bottlenecking and small effective population size (Ne). If a population shows little or no microsatellite diversity, it is truly inbred. Low diversity, using a variety of molecular approaches, has been described for many NZ species, including Brothers tuatara (MacAvoy et al. 2007; Hay et al. 2010), black robin (Ardern and Lambert 1997), snipe (Chathams, Snares, Antipodes, Campbell Islands; Baker et al. 2010), little spotted kiwi (Ramstad et al. 2010, 2013) and bellbird on Tiritiri Matangi (Baillie et al. 2014). Other populations show moderate levels of variation (McLay et al. 2012; Hardesty et al. 2013; Baillie et al. 2014), even in cases where Ne was thought to be low, such as kokako (Hudson et al. 2000), robins (Ardern et al. 1997; Boessenkool et al. 2007), hihi (Brekke et al. 2011), long-tailed bat (O’Donnell et al. 2016), seals (Osborne et al. 2016) and Bartlett’s rata (Drummond et al. 2000). It is important to appreciate that although numbers of some of these species are now greatly increased (e.g. black robin, little spotted kiwi), Ne is most strongly affected by the bottleneck generations, so will take time to recover, and He may fall further during recovery. In the absence of any genetically engineered diversity (e.g. perhaps made possible by CRISPR-Cas), levels of genetic variation at loci of importance to fitness will remain low until established by new mutations, making these species susceptible to new epizootics.
Multiobjective capacitated green vehicle routing problem with fuzzy time-distances and demands split into bags
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2022
Pankaj Gupta, Kannan Govindan, Mukesh Kumar Mehlawat, Anisha Khaitan
The first step of any GA is to generate an initial population randomly. In the case of real-coded GAs, it is unlikely that duplicate chromosomes are generated. But, in cases of GAs with discrete genotypes (binary, combinatorial), the initial population may contain a lot of duplicate solutions. This is a major drawback if the number of duplicates forms a significant chunk of the population such that effective population size (distinct values) negatively impacts the exploration of solution space.