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Legislative Components
Published in Gene Beck, Grid Parity, 2020
Provisions of EPAct “2005” included benefits for oil and gas production and enhancing refining, electricity reliability and clean coal. Even nuclear power plants got in on the action. Our discussions below, however, will focus primarily on the energy efficiency and conservation and renewable/clean energy incentives. EPAct 2005 provided for three types of funds: Tax credits or deductions for projects that actually come on-line;Direct grants to help projects come to fruition; andLoan guarantees to support project financing.
Electric On-Road Transportation
Published in Clark W. Gellings, 2 Emissions with Electricity, 2020
Several federal acts promote or mandate consideration of PEVs. The Federal Energy Policy Act (EPAct) from 2005 promoted efficient energy utilization. The Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 that mandates the grid to be secure and intelligent, several nationwide initiatives to add intelligence to the power grid management and control. This has resulted in several initiatives which are underway, including the IntelliGrid project from EPRI, Smart Grid projects at various utilities and Department of Energy, as well as Automated Metering Infrastructure installations at a wide range of utilities across North America. All of these have a common goal of embedding intelligent power and energy management systems into the power delivery infrastructure to help monitor, manage and control the power flow and delivery all the way to the end-use devices, with the objective to achieve the best throughput at the least operating costs.
Industry Growth to Date
Published in Jerry Yudelson, Marketing Green Buildings:, 2020
To substantially increase employment in this industry, it would take a massive increase in federal and state funding, utility incentives and other grants for green building projects. This funding increase would likely need to be in the billions of dollars annually. The area it is most likely to happen is in new tax credits for energy efficiency measures and photovoltaics for buildings, as found in the new federal Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPACT). For example, the State of Oregon is committed to spending for example up to $45 million per year in targeted energy-efficiency incentives from ratepayer funds and perhaps another $500,000 to $1 million in state tax credits for LEED-Silver (or better) projects ($100,000 incentive per project for 5 to 10 certified projects per year). However, few other states do this, outside of New York provides a state tax credit for LEED buildings.13
A mestizo cosmographer in the New Kingdom of Granada: astronomy and chronology in Sánchez de Cozar Guanientá’s Tratado (c.1696)
Published in Annals of Science, 2021
Sergio H. Orozco-Echeverri, Sebastián Molina-Betancur
The first row displays the golden numbers (1–19). The second, over the horizontal line, shows the epacts corresponding to the first cycle of 144 years. The table should be used horizontally, from left to right, and once one arrives at the end of the row, the counting restarts in the same row. Thus, for instance, the epact for the year 1 is 11.129 By adding up the eleven days in which the solar exceeds the synodic year in two years, the resulting epact is 22 for the golden number 2. Sánchez calculates the synodic month in 30 days, so when the result of the addition exceeds 30, this number should be reduced, and the residue is the epact for the year. Consequently, the third year has an epact of 3, not of 33. The accumulation goes on until the year 19, epact of 29. Because the 19-year cycle restarts, the year 20 has an epact of 11, resuming at the beginning of the row. This procedure should be extended until the year 144 (golden number 11, epact of 1). From the third row and below, right under the line, Sánchez presents the ‘de-monthed epacts’ (epactas desmesadas), that is, the epacts with reduced months according to the simulation of the leap years. Sánchez does not reveal his formula for the reduction of months; he only comments that epacts should be cut by one unit ‘every second or third’ simulation, not after every simulation as ‘some have considered it’.130 Therefore, the ‘de-monthed’ epact corresponding to the golden number of every simulated leap year of the 144-year cycle is crossed out. Take the case of the year 288, the second simulation, whose golden number is 3. If we check the values in the second row, the corresponding epact is 3; however, it is a simulated leap year and, therefore, we should move down to the next row to find the corresponding ‘de-monthed’ epact of 2. For every period of 144 years, we should stick to the values in the same row of the ‘de-monthed’ epact starting the cycle, and moving down only when the epact of the simulation initiating the cycle falls within the following row.