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The role of public transport
Published in Peter White, Public Transport, 2017
It should be noted that statistics for national railways are recorded by the Office of Rail and Road (ORR) in two forms. The most commonly-cited (corresponding to the data shown in Tables 2.2 and 11.6) counts each journey leg separately where interchange occurs, and hence this involves some degree of double-counting, analogous to that for bus journeys discussed on page 20. For example, for the year 2015–16, the ORR published a figure of 1718 million trips on that definition, but in their regional statistics, which allow for this effect, the national total is shown as only 1464 million, some 14.8 per cent lower (Office of Rail and Road 2017). This source also highlights the strong dominance of London in the national rail market: of the 1464 million trips, 537 million were made wholly within London (36.6 per cent of the total) and a further 397 million (27.1 per cent) to or from London.2
Fundamentals of Distributed Estimation
Published in David L. Hall, Chee-Yee Chong, James Llinas, Martin Liggins, Distributed Data Fusion for Network-Centric Operations, 2013
Chee-Yee Chong, Kuo-Chu Chang, Shozo Mori
Research in distributed estimation started around 1980 and addresses the problem of reconstructing the optimal estimate from the local estimates (Chong 1979, Speyer 1979, Willsky et al. 1982, Castanon and Teneketzis 1985). A general distributed estimation approach (Chong et al. 1982, 1983, 1985, 1987) for arbitrary architectures was investigated under the Distributed Sensor Networks (DSN) program sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). By using the information graph to track information flow in the system, the optimal fusion algorithm avoids double counting of information or data incest. The DSN program also developed general distributed tracking algorithms (Chong et al. 1986, 1990). Around 1990, researchers in the United Kingdom and Australia developed similar decentralized fusion algorithms (Durrant-Whyte et al. 1990, Grime and Durrant-Whyte 1994) that avoid data incest, and CI algorithms (Nicholson et al. 2001, 2002) to address unknown correlation between local estimates to be fused. Bar-Shalom and Campo (1986) developed the first fusion algorithm that uses the cross-covariance between the local estimates. This paper was followed by the BLUE fusion algorithm (Zhu and Li 1999, Li et al. 2003) and the MAP fusion rule (Mori et al. 2002, Chang et al. 2004). The last two papers also contain performance evaluation of fusion algorithms, along with Chong and Mori (2001) and Chang et al. (2010).
Data for the Standard Template Dynamic Model
Published in Mark Paich, Corey Peck, Jason Valant, Pharmaceutical Product Branding Strategies, 2009
Mark Paich, Corey Peck, Jason Valant
In general, defining and collecting data on the initial numbers of patients in each model stock is relatively straightforward as long as the strict definitions of the Standard Template are adhered to. Note the following: In total, the stocks in the Standard Template represent the entire patient population in a geographic region. The same concept of an MECE set (see chap. 4) should be applied to all the patient stocks in a defined dynamic model. The MECE designation allows the dynamic model to capture each patient once, and only once, at any given time point. In many indications, the pool of potential patients is age specific, so the universe of “population” is often restricted to a particular age demographic. Within that age category, however, the principle of complete patient inclusion still applies.The MECE treatment option set in the Currently Treated Patients stock provides a similar grouping algorithm to ensure that all treated patients are represented but in a manner that prevents double counting.The Non-Persistent stock represents patients who are not on any treatment at a particular time point. The criterion for this designation often varies by indication. For example, in some markets such as rheumatoid arthritis, where monthly injections are common therapy, a patient might be labeled Non-Persistent by missing only one month of treatment. In other asymptomatic and/or chronic indications such as hypertension or dislipidemia, the Non-Persistent designation might occur only if a patient has not been on any form of medication for three to four months. Regardless of the persistency threshold, the definition of Non-Persistent is vital in correctly capturing key patient dynamics of therapy discontinuation and reinitiation in the Standard Template.
SAPIUM: A Generic Framework for a Practical and Transparent Quantification of Thermal-Hydraulic Code Model Input Uncertainty
Published in Nuclear Science and Engineering, 2020
Jean Baccou, Jinzhao Zhang, Philippe Fillion, Guillaume Damblin, Alessandro Petruzzi, Rafael Mendizábal, Francesc Reventos, Tomasz Skorek, Mathieu Couplet, Bertrand Iooss, Deog-Yeon Oh, Takeshi Takeda, Nils Sandberg
The adequacy assessment requires the introduction of a set of criteria to take into account the multicriteria nature of the problem.18 These criteria should possess the following properties: measurability of each criterionoperationality of each criterion, i.e., meaningfulness for the analysis to performcapability of the set of criteria to cover all aspects of the problemnonredundancy of the set of criteria to avoid the problem of double counting.
Potential of power-to-heat from excess wind energy on the city level
Published in Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 2020
For the first scenario, a goal of reducing CO2 emissions by 40% is set as a hard constraint. This is equivalent to a maximum amount of a yearly CO2 output of 66,802t for Greifswald. Using P2H will keep emissions low in the DH region. Due to renovation, the heat demand decreased by 18% to 388 GWhth (DH + NDH). In the NDH region, gas keeps its dominant role as a heat supplier with 133 GWh (Table 4). Totally a capacity of 13.6 MWth heat pumps was installed in SFH. 1.5 MWp PV was installed to provide emission-free power for heat pumps. To prevent double counting of numbers regarding the capacity of energy in the tables, these numbers are set in brackets. These numbers are mentioned, however, due to reasons of completeness.
Assessing the environmental performance of buildings: trends, lessons and tensions
Published in Building Research & Information, 2018
There are several reasons why a sustainability assessment has advantages over an environmental performance assessment. It provides a more complete picture of the impact of decisions on the environment, the economy and society and, therefore, a better potential for incorporating the secondary effects and consequences closely associated with social or economic performance. A strict and distinct association of assessment criteria and indicators with one ‘pillar’ is necessary only for sustainability assessment systems or other purposes that allow for aggregation for individual dimensions of sustainability. The author suggests the term ‘indicator systems’ for these. In other cases, assessment criteria and indicators can be collected in a checklist that refers to protected goods and protection goals, but does not include any breakdown into dimensions. A ‘set’ is thus a collection of indicators, while a system allows for weighting and clear assignment of the indicators to a ‘pillar’ (with careful consideration to avoid double counting). Individual target specifications can be developed for these and reviewed in design. The necessity for partial aggregation thus depends on the purpose of the demonstration and the deployment of results from an environmental performance assessment.