China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Characterization of Microemulsions by NMR
Published in Promod Kumar, K. L. Mittal, Handbook of Microemulsion Science and Technology, 2018
Bjorn Lindman, Ulf Olsson, Olle Soderman
The diffusion behavior implies a rapid, but continuous, change in structure from discrete oil droplets to bicontinuous to discrete water droplets with increasing temperature. The bicontinuous structure appears to be well described by the constant mean curvature surface structures of low mean curvature rather than a tubular structure. The same applies to the bilayer phases, often denoted L3, L4, or sponge phases, also included in Fig. 6.
Theoretical and experimental study of capillary bridges between two parallel planes
Published in European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 2022
Hien Nho Gia Nguyen, Olivier Millet, Chao-Fa Zhao, Gérard Gagneux
A capillary bridge is created when a small volume of water is injected between two adjacent solids due to the surface tension of liquid. Capillarity is responsible for a wide range of natural phenomena and engineering processes (Duriez & Wan, 2017; Hicher & Chang, 2007; Nguyen, Zhao, Millet, & Gagneux, 2019d; Scholtès, Chareyre, Nicot, & Darve, 2009; Soulié, Cherblanc, El Youssoufi, & Saix, 2006; Zhao, 2017; Zhao, Kruyt, & Millet, 2019), such as water movement in soils, sand castle, fertiliser storage and handling, adhesion of small particles to solid surfaces, attraction between hydrated hydrophilic surfaces. It is therefore valuable to study the capillarity at the micro scale: liquid bridging between spherical particles and planar surfaces. This problem has received high attention for a long time by using theoretical and experimental approaches, based on a consistent theory proposed by Young and Laplace in the early nineteenth century (Delaunay, 1841; Fisher, 1926; Gagneux, Millet, Mielniczuk, & El Youssoufi, 2017; Gagneux & Millet, 2014; Zhao, Kruyt, & Millet, 2018; Zhao, Kruyt, et al., 2019, Zhao, Kruyt, & Millet, 2020). Analytical studies of the meridional profile of liquid bridges of revolution are originated from the pioneering work of (Delaunay, 1841) which considers surfaces of revolution of constant mean curvature. Based on this consideration, the meridional profile of capillary bridge may be a portion of nodoid, unduloid or some limit cases (catenoid, cylinder or torus). In particular, (Plateau, 1864) has succeeded in classifying surfaces of liquid bridge between two solids into a sequence known as ‘Plateau’s sequence’. Besides, (Erle, Dyson, & Morrow, 1971; Gagneux & Millet, 2014; Kruyt & Millet, 2017; Lian, Thornton, & Adams, 1993; Zhao et al., 2018; Zhao, Kruyt, et al., 2019, Zhao et al., 2020) have investigated the capillary bridge between two spherical particles; (Orr, Scriven, & Rivas, 1975; Rubinstein & Fel, 2014) concentrated on the classification of the meniscus shape of the liquid bridge between a sphere and a plane for imposed capillary pressure; (Reyssat, 2015) has studied experimentally and theoretically capillary bridges between a plane and a cylinder. Relating to the capillary bridge connecting two planar surfaces, some relevant analytical studies on the stability of capillary brige have been presented in Dejam, Hassanzadeh, and Chen (2015), Vogel (1987), and Vogel (1989). These mentioned studies of capillary bridges between parallel plates are limited to the case of identical material of the surfaces, where the contact angles stay the same, yielding symmetrical liquid bridges (see for instance Fortes, 1982). From the solution of Young-Laplace equation, several useful properties of the capillary bridge can be obtained, such as surface area, volume of liquid and capillary force (Kralchevsky & Nagayama, 2001).