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Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Communications
Published in R. Kurt Barnhart, Douglas M. Marshall, Eric J. Shappee, Introduction to Unmanned Aircraft Systems, 2021
where k is the Boltzmann constant having a value of 1.38 × 10–23 joules per kelvin. Note that joules are a unit for energy and are equal to the product of power in watts and time in seconds. Other items impacting noise are the mixing of two different signals causing unwanted energy production at sum and difference frequencies (or their multiples) called intermodulation noise.
Monolithic Device Models
Published in Wai-Kai Chen, Analog and VLSI Circuits, 2018
Bogdan M. Wilamowski, Guofu Niu, John Choma, Stephen I. Long, Nhat M. Nguyen, Martin A. Brooke
is the familiar semiconductor thermal voltage for which k = (1.38)(10–23) J/K is Boltzmann’s constant, q = (1.60)(10–19) C is the magnitude of electron charge, and T is the absolute temperature of the semiconductor surface. The voltage, VF, in the radical on the right-hand side of Equation 1.52 is the Fermi potential, which is given by () VF≜VTln(NANi),
Shape Memory Polymers
Published in D I Arun, P Chakravarthy, R Arockiakumar, B Santhosh, Shape Memory Materials, 2018
D I Arun, P Chakravarthy, R Arockiakumar, B Santhosh
Thus, entropy is defined as measure of the number of possible microscopic states (or microstates, expressed as maximum entropy conformation) of a system in thermodynamic equilibrium, consistent with its macroscopic thermodynamic properties (accommodated by Boltzmann’s constant).
Coupling Mesoscopic Boltzmann Transport Equation and Macroscopic Heat Diffusion Equation for Multiscale Phonon Heat Conduction
Published in Nanoscale and Microscale Thermophysical Engineering, 2020
W. Cheng, A. Alkurdi, P.-O. Chapuis
where is the reduced Planck constant, is the Boltzmann constant and is temperature. Similarly to the photon radiance (intensity) in the RTE, the phonon spectral radiance (intensity) can be defined as