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Testing of Fibres, Yarns and Fabrics and Their Recent Developments
Published in Asis Patnaik, Sweta Patnaik, Fibres to Smart Textiles, 2019
Areal density of a fabric is its mass/unit area (ASTM D3776-13 2013). Areal density can be expressed in ounces/square yard or grams/square metre (GSM). GSM is the metric system of expressing areal density of a fabric and is widely used in the textile industry. A GSM cutter, cutting pad and an electric balance can be used to find the GSM of the fabric. The fabric specimen is placed on the cutting pad and is cut using a GSM cutter (Figure 12.16). The area of the specimen is calculated, and the mass of the cut specimen is measured using an electronic balance. Using the mass and area of the fabric the, areal density can be calculated in GSM.
Tailoring the properties of leno woven fabrics by varying the structure
Published in Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 2020
Khubab Shaker, Yasir Nawab, Muhammad Ayub Asghar, Adeela Nasreen, Madeha Jabbar
The fabric areal density is expressed in terms of weight per unit area, that is, grams per square meter, or commonly termed as GSM. It was found that the GSM of all the woven fabrics was the same for all weaves with a particular pick density, and increased with increase in the pick density, as given in Table 3.
Development of reusable cloth mask with nanoparticle filtration efficiency greater than 95%
Published in Aerosol Science and Technology, 2022
Maryam Ebrahimiazar, Ladan Eskandarian, Samuele Amadio, Andre Khayat, Nasser Ashgriz, Milad Alizadeh-Meghrazi
Using a flatbed knitting machine (Stoll, Reutlingen, Germany) with two sets of needles, samples with a varied combination of yarns and with a wide variety of stitch constructions were knitted. Different fiber properties and fabric structures were combined to achieve the desired depth and surface filtrations for particles impaction, retention, adsorption, and diffusion in the 3-layer structure of the masks (see Figure 2). Higher filtration efficiency is expected for multi-layered structures, as the initial study on the filtration of cloth masks showed that the filtration efficiency improves by increasing the number of mask layers (Kellogg and MacMillan 1920). Hybrid multilayering also improves the mask performance by taking benefits of different removal mechanisms. The performance of 20 samples which were knitted using nylon, cotton, Lycra, and polyester yarns were tested. The outer layer was a super-hydrophobic polyester yarn that acts as a first line of defence. It formed a surface filtration barrier that repels aerosol particles or blood from adhering to the outer surface, similar to commonly used polypropylene non-woven facemasks. The contact angle of the outer layer was measured to be 130 as discussed in later sections, confirming the super-hydrophobicity of the layer (see Figure 3). The middle layer was a spacer yarn made out of nylon wrapped Lycra which was used in plating and bonded the inner and outer layers of the mask together. The layer also created a 1-way wicking feature which allowed wicking only in one direction so that inner moisture could wick out and not the other way. For the inner layer, a comfortable cotton-nylon combination was used. Specific information on the composition and other parameters of each layer are available in Table 1. All the fibers used in this study were provided by Myant Inc. (Toronto, Canada). The samples in the current research were similar in terms of the material used in the outer and middle layer but had different inner layer composition and inner/outer stitch lengths. Area density (g/cm2) was calculated by weighting samples and dividing their weight by the area. The sample thickness was measured using Heidenhain high accuracy gages (ND-221B). The results are the average of the 5 measurements.