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IoT and Blockchain
Published in E. Golden Julie, J. Jesu Vedha Nayahi, Noor Zaman Jhanjhi, Blockchain Technology, 2020
A. Mohana Priya, R. Malathi, S. Hemalatha, K. E. Kannammal
Peer-to-peer automatic payment systems and unconventional platforms for foreign exchanges are slowly getting attention due to the integration. We can see the rise of decentralized and autonomous applications – also known as Dapps. The existing buildings, household equipment, and other devices and vehicles can become part of Dapps by adding a sensor and network connection. By introducing blockchain, we can achieve transactions without a trusted third party by allowing our applications to function in a decentralized peer-to-peer mode. Already we have implementations in usage such as Slock, where a property or any unused asset can be linked to blockchain, and it can be monetized with the help of a Dapp (Figure 4.16).
Identification and Entity Authentication
Published in Alfred J. Menezes, Paul C. van Oorschot, Scott A. Vanstone, Handbook of Applied Cryptography, 2018
Alfred J. Menezes, Paul C. van Oorschot, Scott A. Vanstone
real-time involvement of a third party (if any). Examples of third parties include an on-line trusted third party to distribute common symmetric keys to communicating entities for authentication purposes; and an on-line (untrusted) directory service for distributing public-key certificates, supported by an off-line certification authority (see Chapter 13).
Exploiting European GNSS and Ethereum in location proof systems
Published in International Journal of Digital Earth, 2022
The Prover-Witness collusions issue is also faced within STAMP (Wang et al. 2016). The solution is designed for ad-hoc mobile users in a distributed setting and accommodates wireless access points. STAMP ensures the integrity and non-transferability of the location proofs. However, the solution requires a semi-trusted third party, Certificate Authority, responsible for proof verification and trust evaluation. Recent studies on location proof systems are exploring the application of the blockchain technologies for decentralized location proof systems. This technology is exploited to assure location provenance in location proof systems (Zafar et al. 2020). Amoretti et al. (2018) propose a customized proof of stake blockchain where storing proofs of location. Thus, the blockchain participants (i.e. nodes) can verify and store proofs of location, without any centralized supernode that acknowledges the processes. In this solution, communication among neighbors can be implemented through any short-range communication technology. Nosouhi et al. “Blockchain for Secure” (2020) designed a blockchain-based scheme for location proof generation and verification. First, a blockchain transaction is generated as a location proof and is broadcast on the peer-to-peer network. There, the verifiers check it. However, even in this solution, a middle-ware entity is expected, that is the bridge, responsible for broadcasting the issued LPs that have already been issued. Finally, the verified transaction is stored in a time-stamped public ledger accessible for location-based services.
Flexible, decentralised access control for smart buildings with smart contracts
Published in Cyber-Physical Systems, 2022
Leepakshi Bindra, Kalvin Eng, Omid Ardakanian, Eleni Stroulia
Blockchain is a distributed and shared ledger that serves as an irreversible and incorruptible public repository [17]. It enables the occurrence of a particular transaction without requiring a central authority. Compared to traditional database systems, it offers three major advantages: As a distributed system, blockchain eliminates the need for a costly infrastructure that relies on prox cards for occupants and requires one of these occupants (or dedicated security personnel) to escort visitors to their meeting locations using their own prox cards.Blockchain does not require a trusted third party to certify transactions, thanks to public-key cryptography and a consensus mechanism. This allows digital transactions to occur between parties that do not have pre-established trust relations, i.e., trustlessness.The state stored in blockchain is immutable due to the use of cryptographic hash functions.
A blockchain-based transaction system with payment statistics and supervision
Published in Connection Science, 2022
Liutao Zhao, Jiawan Zhang, Lin Zhong
Bitcoin (Nakamoto, 2019) is a peer-to-peer electronic cash that enables internet operations would be sent immediately between parties without the need of a bureaucratic commercial bank. By using the proof-of-work consensus mechanism and network timestamps, it prevents double-spending without using a trusted third party. Etherum (Wood, 2014) has demonstrated its strong practicality through a larger quantity of work. Each work can be seen as a simple application on a decentralised, but singleton, compute resource. However, Bitcoin and Ethereum use plaintext to transact, which reveal the private information of each user and lead hackers to conduct statistical analysis attacks on it.