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Development of Blockchain-Based Cryptocurrency
Published in Arun Solanki, Vishal Jain, Loveleen Gaur, Applications of Blockchain and Big Iot Systems, 2023
Deepak Kumar Sharma, Anuj Gupta, Tejas Gupta
The consensus algorithm, which is underlying in a blockchain system is highly significant for the performance and security of the system. Consensus algorithms allow updation to a distributed shared state securely. There are predefined state alteration rules which are defined by the state machine that is running on all the replicas. The updates that take place in all the replicas are governed by these rules. This technique is known as state machine replication (SMR). Even if one or more nodes of a system crash, the state of the system is not lost as the replica of the state is available at all the nodes at all the times. The fundamental concept behind SMR is that it can represent a computing machine as a deterministic state machine. The computer accepts an input request, carries out its predefined computation, and may generate an output/response. Essentially, these acts alter the state. SMR conceptualizes that such a state machine can be mirrored between various nodes, with an initial condition. The alteration in the state of a state machine of every participating node must take place in the same fashion. To ensure this, each node must receive the same set of input messages and in the exact same order. Every node will produce the same result if they get the same set of input messages in the same order. This ensures the stability and accuracy of the network state across all the nodes even though node failures occur.
Security and Privacy in IoT
Published in Brojo Kishore Mishra, Sanjay Kumar Kuanar, Sheng-Lung Peng, Daniel D. Dasig, Handbook of IoT and Blockchain, 2020
Neelamani Samal, Debasis Gountia
The concept of consensus is an engrossing topic in a decentralized or distributed network. Consensus means a procedure to arrive at a common agreement in a decentralized or distributed multi-agent platform. In a conventional distributed system, we apply consensus to ensure reliability which ensures correct execution in the presence of faulty individuals and fault tolerance. In addition to this, a distributed consensus mechanism should satisfy certain properties such as termination, validation, integrity and agreement. An example of consensus is state machine replication, which is a key aspect of any distributed consensus protocol. For example, if we want to run some kind of distributed protocol over a network, every individual entity runs the current protocol and they store the state of the protocol in different state machines. So the entire execution part of the protocol can be represented as a state machine. Now this state machine needs to be replicated to multiple entities so that every individual entity can reach a common output of the protocol. Achieving consensus can be easy and straightforward for certain architectures under certain scenarios. The scenarios could be either that the entire system is faultless or that there is not be any failure in the system, so that every entity can receive the message [19] correctly or the system behaves in a synchronous way, i.e., it is expected that you will receive all messages within some predefined time interval.
A synod based deterministic and indulgent leader election protocol for asynchronous large groups
Published in International Journal of Parallel, Emergent and Distributed Systems, 2022
Sathyanarayanan Srinivasan, Ramesh kandukoori
Applications in distributed systems often require a single process to act as a central coordinator to execute a common task. Sometimes, this coordinator process or simply the leader helps to simplify the solution for a given distributed problem. For example, the Multi-Paxos state machine replication protocol [1–3] uses a designated leader to propose and achieve consensus among a set of processes. In scenarios like orchestrating access to a shared resource, the nature of the problem itself requires the presence of a leader to be solved.
Incorporating the Raft consensus protocol in containers managed by Kubernetes: an evaluation
Published in International Journal of Parallel, Emergent and Distributed Systems, 2020
Hylson Netto, Caio Pereira Oliveira, Luciana de Oliveira Rech, Eduardo Alchieri
State machine replication [20] (SMR) is a technique applied to keep a set of computers synchronised in the same state in despite of failures that could occur in the system. This approach requires that the system has at least replicas to tolerate up to f crash faults.