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Fundamental Computer Architecture
Published in Jerry C. Whitaker, Microelectronics, 2018
A solution to fully utilizing a pipeline is to use instructions from independent instruction streams or threads. (The execution of a piece of code specified by parallel constructs is called a thread.) Some machines allow multiple threads per program. A thread can be viewed as a unit of work that is either defined by the programmer or by a parallel compiler. During execution, a thread may spawn or create other threads as required by the parallel execution of a piece of code. Multithreading can mitigate the effects of long memory latencies in uniprocessor systems; the processor executes another thread while the memory system services cache misses for one thread. Multithreading can also be extended to multiprocessor systems, allowing the concurrent use of CPUs, network, and memory.
S
Published in Philip A. Laplante, Comprehensive Dictionary of Electrical Engineering, 2018
SPECT spatial power combining the power generated from many devices can be combined coherently into space. These techniques are used in order to alleviate circuit losses at high microwave frequencies. spatial redundancy the redundancy between samples of an image or random process that is a function of spatial coordinates. Images typically exhibit a high degree of spatial redundancy which can be exploited to obtain a high compression ratio. spatial resolution (1) the ability to resolve two closely spaced points or a periodic pattern. Rayleigh proposed the criterion that two stars could be resolved when the maximum in the image pattern from one star coincides with the first minimum in the other. Units of spatial resolution are lines or line pairs per millimeter. (2) a measure of the ability of a system to resolve spatial details in a signal. For a discrete image, spatial resolution generally refers to the number of pixels per unit length, giving possibly different horizontal and vertical spatial resolutions. See frequency resolution. spawn to create a new process within a multitasking computing system. SPDT See single-pole double-throw. that is not known in advance. Basically, one cannot rely on the knowledge of the probability distribution of the "negative examples," since there is no restriction on who is supposed to use the verification system. SPEC See System Performance and Evaluation Cooperative. SPEC benchmarks suites of test programs created by the System Performance and Evaluation Cooperative. special-purpose digital signal processor digital signal processor with special feature for handling a specific signal processing application, such as FFT. specific absorption rate (SAR) the deposition of energy over time into a body. The units are generally watts per kilogram of body mass. This is the attribute on which findings by various researchers can be compared and on which the exposure standards base their guidelines. specific inductive capacity stant. See dielectric con-
Multiphysics Analysis System for Heat Pipe–Cooled Micro Reactors Employing PRAGMA-OpenFOAM-ANLHTP
Published in Nuclear Science and Engineering, 2023
Jaeuk Im, Myung Jin Jeong, Namjae Choi, Kyung Min Kim, Hyoung Kyu Cho, Han Gyu Joo
Both PRAGMA and OpenFOAM employ different parallelization schemes with MPI. For efficient coupling, the manager-worker coupling system was developed by using the MPI DPM model. The DPM model allows a parent process to spawn new processes and connect to an existing process, and the spawned processes run their own MPI-based program. Namely, the worker programs (spawned processes) become the actual physics codes, and the manager program (parent process) controls the overall procedure and data transfer between each worker and the manager.