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The Sensor-Cloud vs. Sensors and the Cloud
Published in Sudip Misra, Subhadeep Sarkar, Subarna Chatterjee, Sensors, Cloud, and Fog: The Enabling Technologies for the Internet of Things, 2019
Sudip Misra, Subhadeep Sarkar, Subarna Chatterjee
Virtualization is the primary component that contributes to the real view of the sensor-cloud, as shown in Figure 4.4. Once the information is obtained and decoded through the templates, the subsequent steps for Se-aaS provisioning are initiated. Every physical node in the sensor-cloud is heterogeneous in terms of the specification, hardware, and configuration. Therefore, the sensor specifications are expressed in a standardized manner using Sensor Modeling Language (SensorML), defined by the Open Geospatial Consortium [7,15]. SensorML is based on XML encoding for ensuring flexible, manageable, and platform-independent processing and analysis of sensor metadata [16]. The process of translating high-level user-requirements, in terms of physical sensor allocation, is one of the major functionalities of the sensor-cloud. Once the physical sensors are allocated to serve a particular application, the data from all of these sensors are virtualized to form the respective VSs. Different VSs serving a particular application are further grouped to form Virtual Sensor Groups (VSGs). After the formation of the VSs and VSGs, the data are pulled from the underlying physical sensor nodes in an on-demand and application-specific manner. The data from the sensors comprising a VS are meaningfully aggregated and dispatched to the respective end-user applications.
Standards
Published in Krzysztof W. Kolodziej, Johan Hjelm, Local Positioning Systems, 2017
Krzysztof W. Kolodziej, Johan Hjelm
In addition, OGC Sensor Web is an open platform for exploiting web-connected sensors. This work includes SensorML, which is an information model, and XML encodings for discovering, querying, and controlling web-resident sensors. SensorML defines an XML schema that serves to represent the general, geometric, and observational characteristics of sensors. Adherence to a common schema makes it possible to search for sensors and sensor data with more precision than is available with text searches using a search engine. For example, searching for particular kinds of sensors and data in a particular geographic region, with data collected within a particular time window, will be easy. Sensor Web is a neutral interoperability framework for web-based discovery, access, control, integration, analysis, and visualization of online sensors, sensor-derived data repositories, and sensor-related processing capabilities. It addresses the problem of isolated, custom-designed, single-application sensor networks, incompatible sensor standards, lack of real-time availability of data, and lack of common and consistent schemas for sensor description, control, and data. Sensor Web applies to web-accessible sensors with discoverable sensors and sensor data; sensors will be self-describing to humans and software (using a standard encoding), and most sensor observations will be easily accessible in a timely fashion over the web. The Sensor Web framework involves several OGC encoding and service specifications designed for general geospatial uses, as well as schema and service specifications that are specifically sensor related. Some studies define services to parse and mark free text messages or to transform symbolic locations into a geometric representation.
Developing and Testing of Software for Wireless Sensor Networks
Published in Richard Zurawski, Networked Embedded Systems, 2017
Jan Blumenthal, Frank Golatowski, Ralf Behnke, Steffen Pruter, Dirk Timmermann
The sensor model language (SensorML) is a model for discovery, exploration, and exploitation of sensor nodes and sensor observations. With SensorML it is possible to describe all kinds of measurements and post-measurement processings as a process model in XML. Therefore, a description of a sensor node is a functional model of different process models. Each model has standard inputs, outputs, and parameters which can be used by applications for automated exploration of process models. Furthermore, additional metadata is included to enable discovery and human assistance.
Cyber-Physical Systems: a multi-criteria assessment for Internet-of-Things (IoT) systems
Published in Enterprise Information Systems, 2021
Edgar M. Silva, Ricardo Jardim-Goncalves
Standards have also been proposed to define ecosystems, modelling requirements, behaviours, processes, etc., supporting interoperability at a syntactic as semantic level. One example is OMG’ Systems Modelling Language (SysML) (Lane and Bohn 2013), a general-purpose architecture modelling language for engineering systems. SysML is an extension of OMG’s Unified Modelling Language (UML), designed to support the specification of requirements, structure and behaviour, as verification and engineering system validation. Another is Sensor Model Language (SensorML) (SensorML) (OGC 2014), an OGC approved standard. The main objective is to enable interoperability, syntactic as semantic using ontologies and semantic mediation. SensorML represents components, physical (e.g. detectors, actuators) and non-physical (e.g. mathematical operations or functions), as processes. SensorML describes sensors functional models, although it can provide detailed information about a sensor hardware design. Another example is the W3C Semantic Sensor Network (SSN) (W3C. 2011), an ontology to describe sensors and observations. SSN was developed with two main objectives: (i) to create ontologies to describe sensors and (ii) toprovide an extension (semantic annotations) to the SensorML.