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Introduction to Python
Published in Vasudevan Lakshminarayanan, Hassen Ghalila, Ahmed Ammar, L. Srinivasa Varadharajan, Understanding Optics with Python, 2018
Vasudevan Lakshminarayanan, Hassen Ghalila, Ahmed Ammar, L. Srinivasa Varadharajan
A class is defined almost like a function, but using the class keyword, and the class definition usually contains a number of class method definitions (a function in a class). Each class method should have an argurment self as its first argument. This object is a self-reference.Some class method names have special meaning. For example, __init__: The name of the method that is invoked when the object is first created.__str__: A method that is invoked when a simple string representation of the class is needed, as for example when printed.There are many more; see http://docs.python.org/3/reference/datamodel.html#special-method-names
Recursive Decision-Making: A Confirmation of Newell and Simon
Published in Journal of Computer Information Systems, 2023
Matthew J. Liberatore, William P. Wagner
Decision scientists have long sought to capture the mathematics of nonlinear decisions that humans often exhibit when there is either too little or too much data.9 Both recursion and iteration might be regarded as nonlinear processes. The concept of “iteration” is similar to recursion but differs slightly as it does not involve a self-reference to the overall process. Iterative decisions are more easily reproduced computationally as the iteration loop continues until a pre-specified parameter or other condition is met. Similar to backtracking, recursive processes involve more choices as the subject may or may not go back and may choose what point in the process to return to and how often they may return. As a result, recursion is much more difficult to model computationally.10,11 The fact that subjects can jump back and forth between different phases of the decision process makes it nonlinear and more complex to model.
Recent Developments in Cybernetics, from Cognition to Social Systems
Published in Cybernetics and Systems, 2019
Stuart A. Umpleby, Tatiana A. Medvedeva, Vladimir Lepskiy
The idea of third-order cybernetics is rooted in the development of philosophical thinking in Russia in recent years (Lepskiy 2015). Whereas second-order cybernetics emphasized self-reference and a scientist’s reflection on his or her understanding, third-order cybernetics is the study of social systems or the study of how a system composed of reflexive systems can itself be reflexive. An example is the relationship between a society and its government. The role of government is to enable a society to achieve its purposes, at a minimum survival and ideally prosperity and thriving. Achieving these objectives requires that the government control at least some aspects of society and that the society control the government, primarily by limiting the power that the government has over its citizens. Limits take the form of laws and institutions, such as a legislature and courts.