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Mobility Management in Heterogeneous Wireless Systems
Published in K. R. Rao, Zoran S. Bojkovic, Bojan M. Bakmaz, Wireless Multimedia Communication Systems, 2017
K. R. Rao, Zoran S. Bojkovic, Bojan M. Bakmaz
The stream control transmission protocol (SCTP) [28] is accepted as a general-purpose transport protocol that operates over a potentially unreliable connectionless packet service, such as IP. Although it inherits many TCP functions, it also incorporates many attractive features such as multihoming, multistream, and partial reliability. The SCTP-based approach uses multihoming for implementing mobility management. The multihoming feature allows a SCTP to maintain multiple IP addresses. Among those addresses, one address is used as the primary address for current transmission and reception, whereas other (secondary) addresses can be used for retransmissions. These IP addresses are exchanged and verified during the association initiation, and are considered as different paths toward the corresponding peer. The multihoming feature of SCTP provides a basis for mobility support because it allows a MN to add a new IP address, while holding an old IP address already assigned to it. Other applications of multihoming, such as load balancing over multiple paths, are not supported by the standard SCTP. Indeed, simultaneous data transfers over multiple paths may cause packet reordering leading to congestion–control problems because SCTP adheres strictly to the TCP congestion–control algorithm, which is not designed to support multihoming [4].
4G/5G Radio Access Network
Published in Saad Z. Asif, 5G Mobile Communications Concepts and Technologies, 2018
The protocol stack of these interfaces is shown in Figure 9.17. The SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol) layer sits on top of the IP/Transport layer, providing guaranteed delivery of application layer messages in the control plane. In the user plane, GTP-U (GPRS tunneling protocol user plane) provides nonguaranteed delivery of PDUs between the respective network elements. Lastly, the application layer signaling protocol is defined as Xn-AP (Xn Application Protocol).
Rehabilitation Computing in Electronic Computing
Published in Parveen Berwal, Jagjit Singh Dhatterwal, Kuldeep Singh Kaswan, Shashi Kant, Computer Applications in Engineering and Management, 2022
Parveen Berwal, Jagjit Singh Dhatterwal, Kuldeep Singh Kaswan, Shashi Kant
As a result, there are two issues to deal with: Gigabit Ethernet networking hardware is too sluggish for a variety of applications; 10 Gigabit Ethernet is only in the early stages and is very costly.TCP/IP, on the other hand, is a protocol suite optimized for networking in wide-area networks, with complex routing protocols and the ability to deal with even significant packet loss, among other things. Clusters are not well suited to it. To address these issues and allow for smoother connectivity (both in terms of network bandwidth), there are primarily two main approaches:The use of high-speed networks, each with its low-level programming interface (API), with the majority supplying a POSIX socket API application and others providing an IP interface. InfiniBand, Myrinet, QsNet, Scalable Coherent Interface (SCI), and Dolphin DX are examples of these networks. An IP GUI for Dolphin DX was introduced.Retaining the Ethernet hardware when removing the software layers TCP, UDP, and often IP. SCTP is an example of a substitution protocol (Stream Control Transmission Protocol), TIPC, DCCP (Datagram Congestion Control Protocol), UDP-Lite, and AoE (ATA over Ethernet) (Transparent Interprocess Communication Protocol).The above-mentioned TIPC was originally designed at Ericsson for the telecommunications industry, but it has certain characteristics that make it suitable for high-performance computing (HPC) with clusters, such as a networking architecture that supports failover mechanisms and the possibility of less overhead when communicating information within a cluster. The Kerrighed project uses TIPC as its transport layer of choice for kernel-to-kernel connectivity. It can’t currently use high-speed networks like InfiniBand, SCI, or DX because they don’t have an Ethernet port. After all, TIPC doesn’t have a specialized “bearer,” which acts as an adapter layer between TIPC and a native network interface.Describes a first approach to enabling TIPC to use elevated networks, focusing on ETHOS, a Wired driver designed using Operating systems UDP sockets to send and receive information. As a result, nearly all high-speed interconnects are directly supported by ETHOS. In comparison to Gigabit Ethernet, measurements of ETHOS on top of SCI and InfiniBand indicate considerably greater bandwidth and reduced cost.
Digital streaming media distribution and transmission process optimisation based on adaptive recurrent neural network
Published in Connection Science, 2022
Therefore, video coding for network transmission needs to compress the video into a video stream that can adapt to a certain range of bitrates (Bai et al., 2021; Ning et al., 2020). In addition, due to differences in the situation of each client, such as differences in display resolution and video image usage, different users have different requirements for the quality of decoded and reconstructed video images (Yang et al., 2020). The description of the protocol is completed by the behaviour of passive nodes. When a node is queried by other nodes, each node may receive many push requests, and then only receive its own missing slices and reject other slices (Dang et al., 2020; Zhao et al., 2020). Parallel multi-path transmission protocol inherits the multi-homing feature realised by SCTP, that is, during data transmission, it can not only establish a connection with the characteristics of SCTP, but also can send data blocks concurrently through multiple independent end-to-end paths (Baldesi et al., 2017). Therefore, wireless terminal devices equipped with multiple network interfaces use protocols to achieve parallel transmission and bandwidth aggregation in a practical sense, which can effectively improve data transmission efficiency, network resource utilisation, and network transmission stability (Chen et al., 2020; Dong et al., 2019). Figure 2 depicts a schematic diagram of the multi-path transmission control protocol plank road.