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End Mill Gear Cutters
Published in Stephen P. Radzevich, Gear Cutting Tools, 2017
The rake surface Rs of a precision mill cutter for finishing an involute gear can be shaped in the form of a plane. For a mill cutter with a zero rake angle, the rake plane is a plane through the centerline Oc of the cutter (Figure 6.6). In Figure 6.6, the mill cutter axis Oc is aligned with the Yc axis of the coordinate system XcYcZc associated with the mill cutter. Any plane through the axis Oc could serve as the rake plane of the mill cutter. As an example, the coordinate plane XcYc, of the coordinate system XcYcZc, that is, the plane given by equation Zc = 0, can be employed for this purpose. Under such a scenario, the cutting edge CE of the mill cutter can be determined as the line of intersection of the generating surface T of the mill cutter (see either Equation 6.14 for mill cutters for machining spur gears or Equation 6.20 for mill cutters for machining helical gears) by the rake plane Rs (Zc = 0).
A review of cutting tools for ultra-precision machining
Published in Machining Science and Technology, 2022
Ganesan G., Ganesh Malayath, Rakesh G. Mote
For precision machining, the material removal volume has to be kept as minimum as possible. As the machining volume reduces, it is generally expected that the cutting forces will reduce accordingly. However, in reality, there is a rise in the specific cutting energy and machining forces when the uncut chip thickness (UCT) is shortened beyond a certain level. This phenomenon is commonly termed as size effect. Even though several factors influence the size effect, one of the main non-material-related factors is the geometry of the cutting tool. It is impossible to make a perfectly sharp cutting edge, and an edge radius will always be present at the intersection of rake face and flank face. When the cutting edge radius (CER) is amounting to the UCT, plowing, and slipping of the workpiece material becomes dominant compared to shearing. This will eventually increase the specific cutting energy.
Modeling of machined surface characteristics in cryogenic orthogonal turning of inconel 718
Published in Machining Science and Technology, 2018
Matija Hribersek, Franci Pusavec, Joёl Rech, Janez Kopac
From the results, it can be seen that the cutting forces increase with increasing feed for both ways of applying liquefied nitrogen (rake and flank face of the tool). The cutting forces decrease with increasing cutting speed for both ways of applying liquefied nitrogen (rake and flank face of the tool). Cutting forces Fc for the rake face are higher for approximately 6% in comparison to cutting forces Fc for the flank face. Feed forces Ff for the rake face are approximately the same in comparison to feed forces Ff for the flank face. Figure 4 shows cutting forces comparison for all analysed orthogonal turning cases of machining Inconel 718. Lower cutting forces are obtained during machining using an emulsion as a cooling lubrication fluid (flooding turning) because of better friction condition in comparison to cryogenic turning. At cryogenic cutting, workpiece material is cooled and its strength becomes high due to which higher cutting forces occur in the cutting zone.
Generating direct diamond shaping tool paths using special-purpose computer-aided-machining post-processor
Published in International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 2022
Darren Wei Wen Low, Nicholas Yew Jin Tan, Dennis Neo Wee Keong, A. Senthil Kumar
A major consideration in generating tool paths for DDS is ensuring that the diamond tool’s rake face always faces the tool's path direction of travel. In DDS, the UPM’s C-axis is used to control the workpiece’s angular position with respect to the tool rake face. This angle can be found using Equation (1). Consequently, a change in the angular position of the C-axis will require and coordinates to be adjusted, which will be discussed later.