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The Impact of Enterprise Architecture
Published in Kirk Hausman, Sustainable Enterprise Architecture, 2011
Open standards are fundamental to the global Internet, and they must be present for both information sharing and future-proofing an enterprise. Whether an open-source or commercial off-the-shelf architecture is ultimately determined to be correct, connectivity and accessibility must be based on open standards. Without these standards, critical functionality might be lost in future updates or records retention compromised if new software cannot read older files. Numerous standards have been recognized for document interchange, such as the Microsoft Office Open XML (OOXML) or the Open Document Format (ODF) developed by the OASIS group. One of the most-often-used open standards for document interchange is the Portable Document Format (PDF) created by Adobe Systems and used for many corporate and governmental sites to ensure that critical documents can be examined and reproduced across a wide range of software platforms and printer devices.
Development of Standards, Codes, and Regulations
Published in Robert D. Hunter, for Engineers, 2017
The open standards community took a major hit in March of 2008 when a review meeting in Geneva approved Microsoft’s “Office Open XML” as an ISO/IEC International Standard 29500. There were media charges that Microsoft had packed some of the National Committees on JTC 1 in order to achieve its approval and that the Microsoft OOXML, as it is called, was not fit to be an international standard. To some, it looked like a replay of the committee-stacking episode in the Allied Tube and Conduit case described above. The ISO issued a PR release called “FAQs on ISO/IEC 29500.” It was stated elsewhere that if OOXML has won, the credibility and integrity of the formal standards system has been lost.
Current trends in read-across applications for chemical risk assessments and chemical registrations in the Republic of Korea
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2022
Sang Hee Lee, Jongwoon Kim, Jinyong Kim, Jaehyun Park, Sanghee Park, Kyu-Bong Kim, Byung-Mu Lee, Seok Kwon
Ambit2 (version 4.01) is a web-based tool with 43 IUCLID-supported endpoints and non-confidential REACH data (Hubesch, Jeliazkova, and Li 2017). Different input data such as chemical name, identifier, structure [SMILES], MOL, SDF, XLS, CSV, and text files are supported for read-across prediction based upon structural similarity and sub-fragment searching in Ambit2, while reports are generated as Microsoft Office Open XML Format (DOCX) or Excel Microsoft Office Open XML Format Spreadsheet (XLSX) files in addition to data matrix derived from the tool. Recently Varsou and Sarimveis (2021) introduced Apellis, a web-based tool, as a read-across tool for engineered nanomaterials (ENM). Apellis enables the use of training data on target ENM owned by investigators to be imported as input data, thus allowing for prediction of specific toxicity-related numerical or categorical endpoints based upon input data. Euclidean distances are generated by Apellis and serve as similarity criteria between ENM based upon different categories of descriptors. The output report, including training results and read-across model files, may be obtained from the web. The US Environment Protection Agency (EPA) developed Generalized Read-Across (GenRA) to conduct read-across prediction for toxicological endpoints, with a focus on acute toxicity (Tate et al. 2021). The chemical name or identifiers such as CAS, Distributed Structure-Searchable Toxicity Substance Identifier (DTXSID) or International Chemical Identifier (InChIKey) may be utilized as input data in GenRA, which employs a similarity matrix approach consisting of structural similarity, mechanistic similarity, and toxicity fingerprints from ToxRefDB (for details on ToxRefDB, see Watford et al. 2019). Outputs of GenRA are presented on the web. Data matrix may be downloaded as an XLSX or Comma Separated Values (CSV) file.