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Strip Adjustment
Published in Jie Shan, Charles K. Toth, Topographic Laser Ranging and Scanning, 2018
Charles K. Toth, Zoltan Koppanyi
First, the surface representation of the surveyed area should be considered, and the LiDAR point cloud should have an average sampling rate close to the sampling distance defined by the Nyquist criterion over the selected surface patches where the strip discrepancies will be determined. It is fair to say that current LiDAR data are typically undersampled and, therefore, care should be exercised when the patches are selected. Next, the object composition of the surveyed area should be considered. Vegetated areas should be avoided and hard surface areas with comparable material signatures should be selected. An additional aspect in selecting the patches is the object shape requirement, if any, which is based on the methodology used for the strip adjustment. For example, some methods require man-made objects with hard surfaces, such as building and roads, whereas others need a sloping terrain with modest or no vegetation. In parallel, the reflectance characteristics of the surface materials should be also considered as they determine whether a good return signal can be obtained. The impact of the footprint size is also very critical; if it is relatively large then the extent to which the object space is restricted can be observed. Finally, the availability of ground control is important; otherwise, the validation of the data in absolute terms is not feasible.
The Technology in the Standard
Published in Klaus Diepold, Sebastian Moeritz, Understanding MPEG-4, 2012
Klaus Diepold, Sebastian Moeritz
MPEG-4 Systems (or Part 1) provides the object composition technology referred to above. This is based on VRML but provides extensions to it by allowing the inclusion of streamed audio and video, natural objects, generalized URL, and composition updates. As VRML is a text-based language, it is easy to read and understand. However, the resulting amount of data for a complex 3D-graphics world can be overwhelming for streaming and online services. For this reason, MPEG has worked on a modification of VRML to achieve a binary version with very effective compression for VRML-type information. This modified version is called BIFS, which stands for Binary Format for Scene Description, and is a highly compressed format taking 10 to 15 times less data then a corresponding VRML-based scene description. The compression of scene description data, the capability to stream the scene descriptions and modify them dynamically, along with the addition of features that are useful for TV services and broadcast, are the main additions of MPEG BIFS that distinguish it from VRML.
In Vivo Targeting of Magnetic Nanoparticles
Published in Nguyễn T. K. Thanh, Clinical Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles, 2018
Laurent Adumeau, Marie-Hélène Delville, Stéphane Mornet
Although PEGylation is effective for lowering biomolecule adsorption at the surface of NPs, even at high densities, the PEG corona can never truly eliminate it because of direct interactions between biomolecules and PEG macromolecules.124 Furthermore, PEGylated NPs may suffer from an ‘accelerated blood clearance’ (ABC) phenomenon corresponding to the enhanced clearance of second and/or subsequent doses of PEGylated nanomaterials. This phenomenon is coupled with the presence of anti-PEG IgM. However, the immunogenicity of PEG seems to be a function of the nano-object composition.125
Creating Routines for IoT Ecosystems through Conversation with Smart Speakers
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2023
Barbara Rita Barricelli, Alessandro Bondioli, Daniela Fogli, Letizia Iemmolo, Angela Locoro
In 2017, a special issue on ACM Transactions of Computer–Human Interaction was focused on “End-User Design for the Internet of Things.” Among the papers published in the special issue, (Desolda et al., 2017) proposed a model based on the 5 W questions “Who?,” “What?,” “When?,” “Where?” and “Why?,” together with different visual composition mechanisms to address the problem of smart-object composition in IoT scenarios. An authoring environment, TAREME, that helps end users in the definition of complex trigger-action rules for different IoT contexts and applications has been described in (Ghiani et al., 2017) and later specialized for the Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) domain (Manca et al., 2022). Brich et al. (Brich et al., 2017) compared the expressiveness of rule-based and process-oriented notations for defining automation tasks.
Investigating the Crowd’s Creativity for Creating On-Demand IoT Scenarios
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2020
Tahir Abbas, Vassilis-Javed Khan, Panos Markopoulos
The most popular and widely used interaction paradigm for end-user configuration of smart objects is object composition. It can be defined as “synchronizing the behavior of multiple objects to create new, added-value services” (Desolda et al., 2017). The most popular IoT services like IFTTT, Zapier, Node-RED follow the object composition paradigm. There are two popular object composition models: wizard, that allows a step by step approach to define rules as offered by IFTTT; and wired which allows end-users to connect services or devices (also called nodes) through wires or lines. Desolda et al. (2017) further investigated the object composition paradigm by analyzing some task automation tools (IFTTT, Atooma, Tasker, etc.) to identify new visual notations and rules for non-programmers in IoT. Through an elicitation study, they identified some new notations by analyzing the event-condition-action rules based on the 5W model (Who, What, When, Where, Why) with end-users. They then compared the usability of three prototypes (E-wizard, E-wired and E-Free) that emerged from the elicitation study and then further validated the best prototype with smart home expert users. Their participants found E-free tool more expressive as it allowed them to define rules without following a strict order and gave them flexibility to modify or extend their rules.
Low-rank flat-field correction for artifact reduction in spectral computed tomography
Published in Applied Mathematics in Science and Engineering, 2023
Katrine Ottesen Bangsgaard, Genoveva Burca, Evelina Ametova, Martin Skovgaard Andersen, Jakob Sauer Jørgensen
We emphasize that our proposed method is applied as a preprocessing operation prior to reconstruction and as such can be combined with any reconstruction method. We chose here to demonstrate it in combination with standard FBP, which does not assume a particular object composition, and TV regularization which is expected to perform well for an object with piecewise constant attenuation as considered here. Our results demonstrate clear improvements both visually and quantitatively with both reconstruction methods and we would expect comparable results with other reconstruction methods and for other types of objects.