China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
INTERconnected NETwork: Internet
Published in Akshi Kumar, Web Technology, 2018
Another classification of networks focuses on the roles of the networked computers. The millions of connected computing devices (also called hosts or end-systems) that constitute the Internet, can be divided into two basic types relying on their role classifications for networks: the Peer-to-Peer networks (also known as a workgroup) and Server-based networks (also known as a Client/Server network). The difference between the two revolves around which computer is in charge of the network. Client/server network: In the client/server model, all end systems are divided into clients and servers, each designed for specific purposes. Clients have an active role and initiate a communication session by sending requests to servers. Clients must have knowledge of the available servers and the services they provide. Clients can communicate with servers only; they cannot see each other. A central computer, such as a workstation or server is a common source that provides shared services with other machines and manages resources in the network. Servers have a passive role and respond to their clients by acting on each request and returning results. One server generally supports numerous clients (Figure 1.1). Peer-to-peer network (P2P): In the P2P network architecture, all end systems have equivalent capabilities and responsibilities and either party can initiate a communication session. There is no central location for authenticating users, storing files, or accessing resources. The P2P model does not have the notion of clients or servers but only equal peers (a.k.a. servents, servent = SERVer + cliENT) that simultaneously function as both clients and servers. They are inexpensive, easy to install and extremely limited in scope. The accepted maximum number of peers that can operate on a peer-to-peer network is ten (Figure 1.2).
Modelling and temporal evaluation of networked control systems using timed automata with guards and (max,+) algebra
Published in International Journal of Systems Science, 2018
The client/server network architecture (Figure 1) is a distributed application structure that parts workloads between the servers, i.e. the providers of a service, and the clients, i.e. the service requesters. Generally, PLCs are considered in NCS as clients and Remote I/O Modules (RIOM) as servers. The components of the NCS communicate over a computer network. Figure 2 shows an NCS working under client/server protocol. The representation at the data exchange zones in Figure 2 (memory and FIFO stack) is such that the arrows arriving above or below the exchange zone correspond to the event triggering the transfer while the arrows connected to the right or left sides correspond to the actual transfer of data.
Demonstration of a blockchain-based framework using smart contracts for supply chain collaboration
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2023
Tarun Kumar Agrawal, Jannis Angelis, Wajid Ali Khilji, Ravi Kalaiarasan, Magnus Wiktorsson
Step 1: As the first step, we explored blockchain network architectures to identify how different partners interact over a large network. A network architecture virtually represents the network configuration and maps out its structure using symbols and line connections. The virtual presentation helps users identify and understand network connections. The architecture characteristics are based on the literature review and understanding of the industry on information flows and node interaction characteristics (Agrawal et al. 2021), the latter of which reveals how the partners communicate over the network without privacy and data security risks.