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A novel workflow to combine BIM and linked data for existing buildings
Published in Jan Karlshøj, Raimar Scherer, eWork and eBusiness in Architecture, Engineering and Construction, 2018
M. Bonduel, M. Vergauwen, R. Klein, M.H. Rasmussen, P. Pauwels
Linked Data has its origins in the Semantic Web domain and is based on several W3C standards such as RDF (Resource Description Framework), SPARQL (SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language) and vocabulary/ontology languages such as RDFS (RDF Schema) and OWL (Web Ontology Language). Linked Data in essence consists of RDF triples with a subject node, predicate (relation) and object node, forming a directed graph. The subject and object node can be defined by a URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) or a so-called blank node. The object node can also be a literal value, while the predicate is always a URI. These RDF triples form a data layer (Abox) containing the actual data instances, and a terminology layer (Tbox) based on the applied ontologies. Reasoning engines can be used to infer implicit knowledge based on the used ontologies in a standardized manner.
SemCat: Publishing and accessing building product information as linked data
Published in Symeon E. Christodoulou, Raimar Scherer, eWork and eBusiness in Architecture, Engineering and Construction, 2017
Linked data technologies are meant for representing any information that would be available in a global web of data in a human- and computer-readable format. As a result, linked data technologies allow by design to represent nearly any kind of data as Resource Description Framework (RDF) graphs, including product manufacturer data. By taking this step, the data would become available as RDF data, supplementing other AEC-related data that can also be made available as RDF graphs, including regulations (Beach et al. 2015) and building data (Pauwels et al. 2016). As a result, the data can more easily be found on the Web, so that it can be used by a diverse type of services, including semantic (federated) search algorithms, reasoning and rule-checking systems, building performance analysis services, and so forth. Hence, these technologies can make product manufacturer data more easily available for AEC practitioners (Costa & Pauwels 2015; Gao et al. 2015). This would in turn increase visibility and market reach for the product manufacturers and make their data available industry-wide.
Smart cities and buildings
Published in Pieter Pauwels, Kris McGlinn, Buildings and Semantics, 2023
Hendro Wicaksono, Baris Yuce, Kris McGlinn, Ozum Calli
Smart cities are typically implemented through a set of smart and interconnected services addressing various public sectors. The service requires data located in various systems and locations. To enable interoperability among the systems that generate and consume the data, a flexible and extensible data model is needed. linked data is an approach that allows the interconnection of information on semantic level. The semantics of the information is described through ontologies [327]. Both open and closed data can be linked to permit the implementation of integrated services to the citizen, such as transportation, energy, and water services.
Present and future of semantic web technologies: a research statement
Published in International Journal of Computers and Applications, 2021
A knowledge graph is a good example of big data on the semantic web. This knowledge graph was added in Google in 2012–2013 and provides an updated algorithm called ‘Hummingbird.’ The semantic knowledge is used by Google knowledge graph which increases the conventional search engine result pages. Another good example is social media. The Facebook Open Graph protocol empowers any web page to become a rich object in a social graph. Facebook Graph Search is a semantic search engine introduced in 2013 to provide answers to natural language queries of users instead of a list of links. According to Tim Berners-Lee (2009), ‘Linked Data is simply about using the Web to create typed links between data from different sources.’ Linked data is a method that links other data sets and publishes structured data on the web. It has been proved that linked data provides better data integration when compared with existing data models. The set of SWTs confers an environment where the application can query that data and draw inferences.
Towards knowledge-based geovisualisation using Semantic Web technologies: a knowledge representation approach coupling ontologies and rules
Published in International Journal of Digital Earth, 2020
The Semantic Web provides a common framework that allows data to be shared and reused across application, enterprise, and community boundaries (W3C 2013). The Semantic Web is underpinned by a collection of technologies. Linked data refers to a number of recommended best practices for exposing, sharing, and connecting pieces of data, information, and knowledge across the Semantic Web using Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) and Resource Description Framework (RDF). The applications of Semantic Web technologies have developed considerably in the geospatial domain in the last decade, and they have fostered a promising approach to connecting SDIs with mainstream IT to augment the application of geospatial data (Schade and Smits 2012). In this context, Vilches-Blázquez et al. (2014) coined the term ‘Linked Digital Earth’ to represent the scenario where linked data empowers the vision of Digital Earth to facilitate geospatial data integration and retrieval.
Knowledge on-demand: a function of the future spatial knowledge infrastructure
Published in Journal of Spatial Science, 2021
Lesley M. Arnold, David A. McMeekin, Ivana Ivánová, Kylie Armstrong
Similarly to SDIs the SKI also requires a compliance framework. Much of the SDI data management principles will continue to exist, but new technical standards for Compliance Resources need to be added to comply with publishing standards for the machine to machine interoperability and data reuse over the Web. Policies will need to be revisited, particularly around releasing information to: guide Linked Data publishing including assignment of URI and standard syntax for data linkages;encourage the release of information as part of a global resource network;describe the terms under which Web resources can be used;consider pricing and licensing frameworks in terms of Linked Open Data Policy, warrantability and communicating fitness for purpose;encourage machine-readable formats at point of data acquisition;encourage the use of metadata standards to incorporate machine-readable metadata stored along with the data, to give clarity and build confidence in data usage; andencourage the use of open Semantic Web standards, and common vocabularies and ontologies through revised data management policies.