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Published in Mohammad Gharesifard, Community-Based Monitoring Initiatives of Water and Environment: Evaluation of the Establishment Dynamics and Results, 2021
Communication in the context of a CBM initiative can go beyond just ‘data push’ and in many cases CBMs act as a medium for facilitating communication between different stakeholders (Liu et al., 2014; Wehn et al., 2015b). Identifying the existing communication channels and current patterns of information flow between different stakeholders before the establishment of such an initiative is essential for understanding existing norms and mental frameworks for communication, and helps explain how an initiative has affected these interaction patterns. Ciravegna et al. (2013) and Wehn et al. (2015b) distinguished between three different patterns of information flow, namely ‘unidirectional’, ‘bi-directional’ and ‘interactive’. ‘Pattern of communication’ is considered to distinguish between CBMs that only act as recipient of the data and those initiatives that either provide feedback through different communication channels or form an interactive exchange of information among the triangle of citizens, data aggregators and policy makers (Wehn et al., 2015a) that may alter the existing pattern of information flow between these stakeholders.
Social media in operations and supply chain management: State-of-the-Art and research directions
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2020
Shupeng Huang, Andrew Potter, Daniel Eyers
When using social media to communicate with customers or the public, companies both receive and disseminate information. The communication can be one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, and many-to-many, while the information flow can be unidirectional or bi-/multi-directional. For example, airline companies use social media to communicate with customers regarding service problems and to provide possible solutions (Fan and Niu 2016). This is one-to-one/many bi-directional communication, where companies both receive and disseminate information. As a one-to-many unidirectional communication, Cottrill et al. (2017) provided the example of a transport company which publicly posts transport disruption information (e.g. street closures) in their official Twitter account, informing potential passengers to choose other alternative routes or modes. Finally, Bhattacharjya, Tripathi, and Ellison (2016) found that when e-retailers use social media to communicate delivery-related issues with customers, multiple companies can engage into the discussion and problem-solving processes for the same issue. This application essentially is many-to-one/many multi-directional communication, with many different social media users involved.
Assessing the changeability of component-based system design: a controlled experiment
Published in International Journal of Computers and Applications, 2022
Majdi Abdellatief, Abu Bakar Md Sultan, Abdul Azim Abdul Ghani, Abubaker Wahaballa
The information flow complexity metrics proposed by [15] are the first successful applications of the information-flow-based measurement in software engineering. The metrics have received massive interest to analyze the information flow in structural programing. The simplest form of the information flow is the code-based flow. For example, for the information to flow from A to B, the values of B must depend on the values of A. To infer the structural properties of the program, the information flow analysis is performed based on control flow or data flow. Certainly, there are major difficulties with the use of code-based information flow analysis in object oriented and CBSS. While the procedural development approach focuses on the implementation phase of the software lifecycle, object oriented and CBSS place a greater emphasis on the design phase and specification phase, respectively. In object-oriented development, information flow analysis is performed at three levels: Class level, methods level, and object level. This is because variables are encapsulated inside the object, and can be modified by only the methods of the objects. The Henry and Kafura's [15] metric has been investigated in [16,17]. Empirical investigation results show that information flow has significant correlation with maintenance [17,18], development effort [16,19], cohesion prediction [20], and can be used effectively to help identify components with poor design [21]. The existence of such positive correlation has motivated researchers to extend the information flow-based metrics for object-oriented software [22], open source [23], and business process models [24]. Thus, the information flow measure is essential to provide a coherent framework within which software can be measured. It has an advantage because it deals with accurate results [16,21].