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Mechanotransduction of Cardiovascular Development and Regeneration
Published in Juhyun Lee, Sharon Gerecht, Hanjoong Jo, Tzung Hsiai, Modern Mechanobiology, 2021
Quinton Smith, Justin Lowenthal, Sharon Gerecht
The first example of 3D printing, an extension of 2D printing technologies where successive layers or materials could be organized into more complex structures, was pioneered in the mid-1980s and was termed “stereolithography.” Charles W. Hull, who first described this process, was able to build 3D architecture by photosensitive materials that are cross-linkable by UV light [122]. Building upon this layer-by-layer approach where liquid resin is photopolymerized, prior to the addition of a new layer, two-photon polymerization, digital projection lithography, and continuous liquid interface production have emerged as faster techniques with higher spatial resolutions. Today an array of modalities are used to mimic the complex structure of native tissue, where cells, signaling cues, and ECM components are spatially organized with printing technology.
Manufacturing Processes for Small Weapon Components
Published in Jose Martin Herrera Ramirez, Luis Adrian Zuñiga Aviles, Designing Small Weapons, 2022
Jose Martin Herrera Ramirez, Luis Adrian Zuñiga Aviles
Kumar [13] conducted a review of existing AM processes, finding that they total 34 main processes: additive friction stir deposition (AFSD), aerosol jetting (AJ), binder jet three-dimensional printing (BJ3DP), big area additive manufacturing (BAAM), ceramic laser fusion (CLF), cold spray additive manufacturing (CSAM), composite extrusion modeling (CEM), continuous liquid interface production (CLIP), digital light processing (DLP), electrochemical additive manufacturing (ECAM), electron beam melting (EBM), electron beam additive manufacturing (EBAM), fused deposition modeling (FDM), fused pellet modeling (FPM), high-speed sintering (HSS), ink jet printing (IJP), laser engineered net shaping (LENS), lithography-based ceramic manufacturing (LCM), localized microwave heating-based additive manufacturing (LMHAM), micro droplet deposition manufacturing (MDDM), microheater array powder sintering (MAPS), photopolymer jetting (PJ), plasma arc additive manufacturing (PAD), powder melt extrusion (PME), rapid freeze prototyping (RFP), selective heat sintering (SHS), selective inhibition sintering (SIS), selective laser melting (SLM), selective laser sintering (SLS), stereolithography (SLA), thermoplastic 3D printing (T3DP), 3D gel printing (3DGP), two-photon polymerization (2PP), and wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). It should be noted that other processes can be found in the literature, but they may be those listed here under another name. Such processes may be classified according to the type of material that can be processed with each of them, as can be seen in Figure 9.6. Note that the principle of several processes is applicable to different materials, such as SLS, SLM, and BJ3DP with which it is possible to process metals, polymers, ceramics, and composites.
Additive Manufacturing and Its Polymeric Feedstocks
Published in Antonio Paesano, Handbook of Sustainable Polymers for Additive Manufacturing, 2022
VP is also known as photocuring and photocrosslinking, and is a family of AM processes encompassing continuous liquid interface production (CLIP™), digital light processing (DLP), and stereolithography (commonly SLA, stereolithography apparatus, or SL in this book), the most popular of them, and the first commercially successful AM process to be patented. All the above processes build parts that can feature multifunctionality (Zarek et al. 2016), tunable chemical, electrical, magnetic, mechanical, and optical properties (Ligon et al. 2017; Layani et al. 2018; Taormina et al. 2018), and the highest complexity, accuracy, and resolution (as low as 10 μm); (Wang et al. 2017b) among AM processes (Taormina et al. 2018). VP processes find applications in audiology, biomedical, dentistry, drug delivery devices, education, engineering and product design, entertainment, health care, jewelry, microfluidics, soft robotics, surgery, and TE (Zorlutuna et al. 2011; Wang et al. 2015; Rusling 2018; Formlabs 2020), etc. Additional benefits associated with VP are: isotropic properties, smooth surface finish, watertightness (no voids between layers), and a broad range of material properties. Downsides of VP processes are: support structures are always required; mechanical properties and visual appearance of parts degrade overtime upon exposure to sunlight (spray coating articles with a clear UV acrylic paint before use helps); need to clean the vat after printing; smelly and toxic fumes; safety precautions required when handling the liquid feedstocks; and mandatory post-processing in order to: (a) remove delicate support structures, sanding, and filing; (b) post-cure under UV to fully cure the material, and maximize its strength, stiffness, and temperature resistance.
Smart materials in additive manufacturing: state of the art and trends
Published in Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 2019
Close to DLP principle, the Continuous Liquid Interface Production (CLIP) is a new type of additive manufacturing that uses photo-polymerization working continuously, thanks to a projector and the ability to control oxygen levels throughout an oxygen-permeable membrane. This last process is 30 times faster than the SLS or the MJM (DeSimone 2015).