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Nanocrime 2.0
Published in M. R. McGuire, Thomas J. Holt, The Routledge Handbook of Technology, Crime and Justice, 2017
Commodore Business Machines adopted a similar strategy and in 1977, when the Apple II and Commodore PET went on the market, both “were instant hits” with the public (ibid.: 247). The expanded variety of software that was available by 1980 further increased interest in personal computers, as did IBM’s introduction of its Personal Computer in 1981 (ibid.: 248–257).
Performance implications of knowledge inputs in inter-organisational new product development projects: the moderating roles of technology interdependence
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2022
Christoph G. Schmidt, Tingting Yan, Stephan M. Wagner, Lorenzo Lucianetti
Technology interdependence refers to the degree of interdependence among the product and process technologies to be developed (Sosa, Eppinger, and Rowles 2004; Tatikonda and Rosenthal 2000b). A Higher levels of technology interdependence indicates that design changes in one part of the development task, i.e. one product module, could affect activities in another part of the development task, i.e. design of another module or the manufacturing process of the same module (Tatikonda and Rosenthal 2000b). Thus, high technology interdependence reflects a more integral design, increasing the complexity of the development task. For example, personal computers originally were introduced as all-in-one packages, where components were tightly integrated with a high level of technological interdependence (such as Intel’s MCS-4, the Kenback-1, the Apple II or the commodore PET) (Schilling 2000). However, a high level of technological interdependence increases coordination challenges during the development process and limits flexibility in end configurations. Therefore, modern computers are designed in a more modular way to reduce interdependence among modules or different stages of the development process.
History of personal computers in Japan
Published in International Journal of Parallel, Emergent and Distributed Systems, 2020
NEC's PC-8000 series personal computer was the first one that acquired a large share in the Japanese personal computer market (see Section 4.1). It had an 8-bit CPU and was a computer of the same class as Apple II, Commodore PET, and Tandy TRS-80. It should be noted that PC-8000 series was manufactured and sold by the NEC's semiconductor division, though NEC was a manufacturer of a mainframe computer. Its reason seems that the early 8-bit personal computer was considered as a toy for hobbyist from the computer department who was manufacturing a large computer for business use. However, as it became possible to use a 16-bit CPU, it turned out that personal computers are usable for business. IBM was aware of it and entered into this market in 1981. Under such circumstance, the section which was in charge of NEC's office computer developed and released the PC-9800 series personal computer in 1982, an upward compatible machine with PC-8000 series.