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Chemicals from Paraffin Hydrocarbons
Published in James G. Speight, Handbook of Petrochemical Processes, 2019
Carbon tetrachloride is used to produce chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), such as trichlorofluoromethane (CCl3F) and dichlorodifluoromethane (CC12F2)) by the reaction with hydrogen fluoride using an antimony pentachloride (SbC15) catalyst: CCl4+HF→CCl3F+2HClCC14+2HF→CC12F2+2HC1
Combustion and the environment
Published in J. F. Griffiths, J. A. Barnard, Flame and Combustion, 2019
J. F. Griffiths, J. A. Barnard
followed by eqn (14.3). The destruction of ozone may be exemplified with respect to trichlorofluoromethane CFCl3 as a pollutant in the stratosphere () CFCl3+hv→CFCl2+Cl () Cl+O3→ClO+O2 () ClO+O(3P)→Cl+O2
Atmospheric Pollution and Pollutants
Published in Wayne T. Davis, Joshua S. Fu, Thad Godish, Air Quality, 2021
Wayne T. Davis, Joshua S. Fu, Thad Godish
Halogenated HCs that include Cl and F in their chemical structure are called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). The most commonly used CFCs have been trichlorofluoromethane (CCl3F), difluorodichloromethane (CF2Cl2), and trichlorotrifluoroethane (C2Cl3F3). These are generally described as CFC-11, CFC-12, and CFC-13, respectively. As a result of their important industrial and commercial properties (including low reactivity, low toxicity, thermal absorption, and solvent properties), CFCs have been used as aerosol propellants, refrigerants, degreasing solvents, and foaming agents.
The materiality of space heating: heat pumps and heating transitions in Twentieth-century Switzerland
Published in History and Technology, 2021
Bauer convinced the ETHZ-Council of his project with calculations supporting the economic efficiency and the environmental safety of heat pump systems, which had been questioned by some members of the Council. By showing that exploiting the heat of the river Limmat would lower the water temperature only by a maximum of 1°C, thus having no effect on the river’s plant and animal life, even the last doubters could be convinced.35 Additionally, tests on the effects of the ‘modern’ refrigerant R11 (trichlorofluoromethane) on humans, plants, and animals certified its toxicological safety, which had caused concerns about the heat pump system.36 The Swiss government subsidized the construction and installation of the ancillary heat pump system in 1942.37
Environmental impacts of steel ship hulls building and recycling by life cycle assessment (LCA)
Published in Ships and Offshore Structures, 2021
Mehmet Önal, Gökdeniz Neşer, K. Turgut Gürsel
In this stage, it is aimed to identify and quantify environmental impacts of emissions arising from the inventory or resources consumed and caused by all inputs from, and outputs to, the environment calculated in the life cycle inventory phase and at aggregating them to a set of impact categories and specific indicators. In the analysis, the data evaluated with The CML-IA method (impact assessment method of the Center of Environmental Science of Leiden University) (Guinée et al. 2002) were used for the classification and characterisation stages. CML can be expressed as an impact assessment method which restricts quantitative modelling to early stages in the cause-effect chain to limit uncertainties. Results are grouped in midpoint categories according to common mechanisms (e.g. climate change) or commonly accepted groupings (e.g. ecotoxicity). CML has characterisation factors for more than 1700 different flows. The characterisation factors are updated when new knowledge on substance level is available. (Giama et al. 2018)The potential impact categories assessed were abiotic depletion (AD; kilograms of antimony equivalent [kg Sb eq]), acidification (AC; kg sulphur dioxide [SO2] eq), eutrophication (EP; kg phosphate [PO43−] eq), global warming (GW; kg carbon dioxide [CO2] eq), ozone layer depletion (ODP; kg trichlorofluoromethane [CFC-11] eq), human toxicity (HT; kg 1,4 dichlorobenzene [1,4-DB] eq), freshwater ecotoxicity (FE; kg1,4-DB eq), marine ecotoxicity (ME; kg 1,4-DB eq), terrestrial ecotoxicity (TE; kg 1,4-DB eq) and photochemical oxidant formation (PO; kg 1,4-DB eq).