China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Control of Postoperative Pain by Self-Administered Opioids
Published in Robert B. Northrop, Endogenous and Exogenous Regulation and Control of Physiological Systems, 2020
The analgesic effects of the juice of the poppy (Papaver somaniferum) were known before the third century B.C. The concentrated juice of this poppy is a brown, gummy substance known as opium. Opium contains at least 20 distinct alkaloids (opiates) that have significant pharmacological action. The first opiate isolated was morphine in 1806; codeine was discovered in 1832, and papaverine was described in 1848. These three natural opiates have clinical usefulness as analgesics. Morphine, codeine, and thebaine belong to a class of opiate molecule called phenanthrenes.61 The morphine molecule is shown in Figure 9.2. The natural opiates, papaverine and noscapine belong to the benzylisoquinolines. Many semisynthetic opiate derivatives are made by simple chemical modification of terminal groups on the morphine or thebaine molecules. For example, heroin (diacetylmorphine) is made from morphine by acetylation of the 3 and 6 positions (see Figure 9.2). (Goodman and Gilman61 give a table in which 14 opiates related to morphine are described.)
Optimization of mild steel corrosion inhibition by water hyacinth and common reed extracts in acid media using factorial experimental design
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2022
Mohamed A. Omran, Manal Fawzy, Alaa El Din Mahmoud, Ossama A. Abdullatef
The ingredients of the ethanolic extracts of water hyacinth. Those include, but not limited to, 1(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)2(4-methoxy-3-nitrophenyl) ethanone, pipradrol, 1H-pyrrole, 1-phenyl, phytol, salicylic acids, vanillic acid, syringic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-methylresorcinol, catechol, pyrogallol, quinine, codeine, cytisine and thebaine (28, 29). Other scholars tackle the phytochemical screening of Phragmites australis ethanol extract and reported the presence of anti-oxidant ingredients such as; alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and steroids (30, 31). Those ingredients include, but not limited to, C-glycosylflavones, swertiajaponin, isoswertiajaponin, 3′-O-gentiobioside and the 3′-O-glucoside of swertiajaponin, rhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside and rhamnetin 3-O-glucoside. Those phytomolecules possess a role in the protection of metals from corrosion through their electrostatic attractions with charged metals as well as metals vacant d-orbital and ᴨ electrons of phytochemicals (32).
Green and cost-effective synthesis, characterization and DFT studying of silver nanoparticles for improving their biological properties by opium syrup as biomedical drug and good biocompatibility
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2021
Amineh Shafaei, Gholam Reza Khayati, Reyhane Hoshyar
According to the literature,[66] the sharpest FT-IR band is related to the -C-O-C stretching modes and is evolved at the 1050 cm−1, i.e., it is in good agreement with the 1059 cm−1 in the FT-IR spectra of the present study. codeine, morphine, and thebaine have similar molecular structures and consequently have similar FT-IR spectrums. These compounds showed their characteristic bands in the range of 1600–1650 cm−1 due to ring stretching and 630–650 cm−1 related to the deformation vibrations.[67] For morphine and Codeine of OP, as expected, the ring torsion modes appear in the 450–1000 cm−1 frequency range.[67] The presence of numerous sharp bands at 700–1500 cm−1 is mainly assigned to the stretching and deformation vibrations of the alkaloid ring. These data indicate that the synthesized AgNPs have functional groups of tertiary amines, alcohols, phenols, and esters. These compounds can be related to the alkaloids of OP such as morphine and Codeine in the OP. Consequently, immediately after the reductions of silver ions to Ag, the hydroxyl and carboxyl groups in the phenolic compounds absorb the nanoparticles and make them stable. Hence, the alkaloids of OP can be considered as a reducing and stabilizing agent in the preparation of AgNPs.
Transdermal delivery of buprenorphine from reduced graphene oxide laden hydrogel to treat osteoarthritis
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
Ziqiang Zhang, Xiaogang Wang, Pengshan Li, Minghua Bai, Wenbing Qi
Osteoarthritis is common diseases affecting the routine quality of patient [1]. The current therapy include combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments [2]. The compliance factor is very poor in osteoarthritis patients due to poly-pharmacy and co-morbidity [3]. Buprenorphine (derivative of morphine, thebaine) is an effective centrally acting analgesic with high affinity for opioid receptors (30–40 fold potent than morphine) [4, 5]. It is widely used to manage chronic pain in osteoarthritis [6–8]. The drug undergoes extensive hepatic first pass metabolism and therefore the major market is of parenteral injections and sublingual tablets [9, 10]. The half-life of buprenorphine in body is only 2.7 h, thus injections and sublingual tables are not suitable to manage chronic pain in osteoarthritis [11, 12].