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Medicinal Plants in Natural Health Care as Phytopharmaceuticals
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam, Herbal Product Development, 2020
It is a customary plant with potential medicinal uses which is abundantly found in India. Aphanamixis polystachya bark is a strong astringent, antimicrobial, used for the treatment of liver and spleen diseases, rheumatism and tumors. Fruits are globular, smooth and yellow when ripe, with seeds scarlet. The seed has rich oil content which is non-edible but a future source for biodiesel. The plant is the large handsome evergreen tree, with a dense spreading crown and a straight cylindrical bole up to 15 m in height and 1.5−1.8 m in width. The chemical constituents present in seeds are palmitic acid and oleic as dominant fatty acids besides linoleic and linolenic acids. It possesses desmosterol, campesterol, α-tocopherol, 1,8-cineole, α-pinene, β-pinene, α-terpinene, α-terpineol, α-terpinyl acetate, terpinene-4-ol, borneol, nerol, nerolidon, nerolidol, geraniol, geranyl acetate, linalool and linalyl acetate. Its seeds are aromatic, acrid, sweet, cooling, stimulant, carminative, digestive, stomachic, diuretic, cardiotonic, abortifacient, alexeteric, expecto-rant and tonic. It is useful in treatment of asthama, bronchitis, haemorrhoids, strangury, renal and vesical calculi, halitosis, cardiac disorders, anorexia, dyspepsia, gastropathy, hyperdispsia, burning sensation, debility and vitiated conditions of vata (Shadid Hossain and Ali, 2016).
Effects of Low Doses Of Savory Essential Oil Dietary Supplementation On Lifetime And The Fatty Acid Composition Of The Ageing Mice Tissues
Published in Alexander V. Kutchin, Lyudmila N. Shishkina, Larissa I. Weisfeld, Gennady E. Zaikov, Ilya N. Kurochkin, Alexander N. Goloshchapov, Chemistry and Technology of Plant Substances, 2017
Tamara A. Misharina, Valery N. Yerokhin, Lujdmila D. Fatkullina
Savory essential oil contained 0.5-1.7% of each of the following monoterpene hydrocarbons: a-thujene, a-pinene, camphene, P-pinene, P-myrcene, sabinene, a-phellandrene, a-terpinene, and 4.2% sesquiterpene hydrocarbon—P-caryophyllene. The content of y-terpinene was 10.5%. This essential oil contained two isomeric phenols—thymol (17.5%) and carvacrol (35.2%). A high content of thymol, carvacrol, and y-terpinene was respondent for the antioxidant properties of the savory oil [15, 16]. It was revealed earlier that the addition of thyme oil (1200 mg per 1 kg of mass) into rat feed increased the general antioxidant status of the animals and kept a high level of polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes during the process of their ageing [17]. Thyme and savory essential oils have a close content of the main components, both essential oils showed the same antiradical properties. As can be seen in Table 10.1, the values of antiradical efficiencies AE are close for two oils [15]. That is why we hoped that the oil of savory, which is successfully grown in central Russia, would also possess biological activity. It should be noted that savory oil doses in our work were by a factor of 100 lower than in the study by Youdim and Deans [17].
Bioengineering Approach on Terpenoids Production
Published in Dijendra Nath Roy, Terpenoids Against Human Diseases, 2019
Monoterpenoids are vital components of plant volatiles defining aroma characteristics of fruits, flowers and essential oils. Plant monoterpenes like geraniol, linalool and limonene have potent medicinal properties and commercial value. Many native and non-native monoterpene synthase genes have proved to be potent targets for engineering. For example, the overexpression of Clarkia breweri linalool synthase (LIS) gene in Lavandula latifolia, Petunia hybrida W115 and Dianthus caryophyllus cv. Eilat resulted in a notable increase in linalool content (Lavy et al. 2002; Lucker et al. 2001; Lange and Ahkami 2013). LIS overexpression in tomato also resulted in diversion of a part of the isoprenoid pool in the plastids towards production of (S)-linalool, thus increasing its concentration in ripened fruit, which led to aroma enhancement (Lewinsohn et al. 2001). Geraniol also exhibited enhanced accumulation of 13.7 mg/g dry weight (DW) and a maximum of 31.3 mg/g DW in tobacco hairy roots engineered with a geraniol synthase gene from Verbena officinalis L. (Ritala et al. 2014). Ectopic overexpression of multiple monoterpene synthase genes have correspondingly helped to diversify the monoterpenoid volatile profiles, something which holds great possibilities for improving the fragrance of ornamental and commercially important plants. The expression of three lemon (Citrus limon) monoterpene synthases in tobacco produced three new monoterpene products: γ-terpinene, (C)-limonene and (K)-β-pinene. Monoterpenoid levels also demonstrated a 10- to 25-fold increase along with a major change in the fragrance profile (Lücker et al. 2004).
Comparison of chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Callistemon citrinus skeels (bottlebrush) essential oil obtained by conventional and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation
Published in Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy, 2020
Prashant Mande, Nagaiyan Sekar
Compositions of essential oil obtained by HD and MAHD are provided in Table 1 (GC–MS are given in Supporting Information Figures S1 and S2 for HD and MAHD extracted oil, respectively), which, shows that in case of the essential oil extracted by both the methods contains around 80% of the oxygenated compounds. The characteristic aroma of the essential oil is basically due to oxygenated compounds as these are more odorous (Lucchesi et al. 2007; Desai and Parikh 2012; Kusuma and Mahfud 2016). Among oxygenated compounds, 1,8-cineol was the major compound present, ranging from 79–91% it was comparable to the earlier report (Srivastava et al. 2001). The four major compounds of the bottle brush essential oil have been identified, namely: 1, 8-cineole, α-pinene, β-terpinene, and p-cymene. Percentage of 1,8-cineol were 80.09 and 90.93 in the case of the HD and MAHD, respectively while that for the α-pinene were 17.77 and 8.17 in HD and MAHD while there no p-cymene in the case of MAHD extracted oil.
Beneficial additive values of wastewater irrigation of two aromatic plants grown in low fertile soil
Published in Water Science, 2020
Ibrahim H. Elsokkary, Alaa F. Aboukila
The percentage of essential oil components showed a different response to both TWW irrigation and plant species. While α-Pinene, Camphor, β-Pinene, Myrcene, 1,8 Cineole, p-Cymene, d-Camphor, Bornyl acetate and Eugenol in basil showed the positive response, Linalyl acetate, β-Caryophyllene, Methyl chavicol, α-Terpineol, and Methyl eugenol showed the negative response (Figure 3). In oregano, the percentages of Sabinene, Myrcene, α-Terpinene, Limonene, δ- Terpinene, p-Cymene, Linalyl acetate, and Terpinen-4-ol had been increased while those of α-Pinene, β-Phellandrene, Terpinolene, Linalool, β-Caryophyllene, Methyl chavicol, and α-Terpineol had been decreased (Figure 4). The variations in the percentage of components of essential oil could be explained based on both the nutritional value of TWW and plant species (Bensabah, Lamiri, & Naja, 2015; Khalifa at al., 2011; Kotb et al., 2012; Rahimi et al., 2010). These data indicate additions of significant beneficial values from the treated wastewater to the low fertile calcareous soil to produce the valued aromatic plants.
CO2 reduction in a common rail direct injection engine using the combined effect of low carbon biofuels, hydrogen and a post combustion carbon capture system
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
V. Edwin Geo, S. Thiyagarajan, Ankit Sonthalia, T. Prakash, Sary Awad, Fethi Aloui, Arivalagan Pugazhendhi
The schematic of the production process of LPO is depicted in Figure 1. Waste lemon peels were collected and stored in an air tight container. The lemon peels were then chopped into small pieces and placed on a wire mesh in the chamber. The steam formed by boiling of water was passed through a chamber containing chopped lemon peels. As the steam passes through the rinds, fumes were formed containing lemon essence and steam vapor. The fumes produced in the chamber were cooled by passing through a condenser. The liquid formed by the condensation of fumes was collected in a tank and two layers were visible. The top layer consisted of LPO and water was present in the bottom layer. Some impurities present in the LPO were separated out and ether was added to the oil. To vaporize the volatile impurities the mixture was heated. Finally theLPO was filtered with a 40 μm filter paper. The procedure for LPO production was similar to that ascribed by Ashok et al. (2017). The properties of LPO and CMO is given in Table 1. The gas chromatogram – mass spectroscopy analyses of LPO was carried out by Karthickeyan et al. (2019). The oil contains nearly 84.66% limonene and other components like terpinene and pinene were also present in the oil. It was found that the retention time of limonene is low, hence the oil has better volatility than diesel which results in improved mixing of the fuel vapors with air. The viscosity of LPO is lower than diesel which enhances the spray atomization and mixing process thereby reducing the smoke emission. The cetane index of the oil is very low, hence it is better to blend the oil with diesel otherwise the engine may start knocking when operated with neat LPO. The flash point of LPO is near to diesel, hence transporting and handling the oil is similar to that of diesel.