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Advanced Oil Spill Modeling and Simulation Techniques
Published in M.R. Riazi, Oil Spill Occurrence, Simulation, and Behavior, 2021
Konstantinos Kotzakoulakis, Simon C. George
It is clear from the required inputs of the aforementioned oil entrainment models that wave data that describe the height, the period, and the surface coverage with breaking waves are important for a reliable prediction of the entrainment, not only for the calculation of the oil entrainment rate and the oil intrusion depth into the water column, but also for the oil breakage that determines the size of the formed oil droplets and whether they stay in the water column. In many cases, wave data are overlooked and oil spill models rely solely on wind data to parametrize the aforementioned wave characteristics for the modeling of the oil entrainment, and droplet size distribution, as well as for the simulation of the drift generated by wave action, namely the Stokes drift. For the latter, in the absence of wave forcing data (Stokes drift velocity fields), or when the oil spill model does not have the capability to process wave data, an empirical factor is applied to the wind velocity that is used in order to account for the Stokes drift. This empirical factor is typically 2% for the wind advection and 1.5% for the Stokes drift, making a total of 3.5% of the wind velocity (Schwartzberg, 1971, Jones et al., 2016).
Emergency Prediction and Warning System of Oil Spill in the Bohai Sea
Published in Lin Mu, Lizhe Wang, Jining Yan, Information Engineering of Emergency Treatment for Marine Oil Spill Accidents, 2019
Lin Mu, Lizhe Wang, Jining Yan
Stokes drift velocity: US=⟨Nξ0⋅(∇U0)⟩
Key Technology of Oil Spill Early-warning and Forecasting
Published in Lin Mu, Lizhe Wang, Mingwei Wang, Information Engineering for Ports and Marine Environments, 2020
Lin Mu, Lizhe Wang, Mingwei Wang
Stokes drift velocity: US=⟨Nξ0⋅(▽U0)⟩.
Surface currents in operational oceanography: Key applications, mechanisms, and methods
Published in Journal of Operational Oceanography, 2023
Johannes Röhrs, Graig Sutherland, Gus Jeans, Michael Bedington, Ann Kristin Sperrevik, Knut-Frode Dagestad, Yvonne Gusdal, Cecilie Mauritzen, Andrew Dale, Joseph H. LaCasce
Surface gravity waves cause particle transport in the direction of wave propagation, which is referred to as Stokes drift (Stokes 1847; van den Bremer and Breivik 2018). Stokes drift is not included in current observations at fixed locations nor in ocean circulation models that do not resolve the wave motion. By definition, the Stokes drift is the difference between the Eulerian current and the Lagrangian current : The Stokes drift of surface gravity waves can be calculated from a numerical wave model (Breivik et al. 2016), by integrating over the entire directional wave spectrum. The magnitude of the Stokes drift is proportional to the third power of the frequency, which results in the wind-generated waves having a large contribution to the surface value. However, since Stokes drift decays exponentially with depth in proportion to wavelength, the Stokes drift due to swell decays more slowly with depth than the Stokes drift due to wind-generated seas.