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Nature of wastewater
Published in Nick F. Gray, Water Science and Technology: An Introduction, 2017
Fats is a general term and used interchangeably with lipids and grease. It includes the whole range of fats, oils and waxes associated with food. Fats are stable compounds and not readily degraded biologically into fatty acids, which are also found in sewage (e.g. palmitic, stearic and oleic). They can represent a significant proportion of the BOD of sewage (40–100 mg L−1). Soaps are manufactured from fats reacted with either sodium or potassium hydroxide to yield glycerol and the salts of particular fatty acids, which is the soap. For example, stearic acid and sodium hydroxide yield glycerol and sodium stearate (C17H35COONa).
Cold Rolling Lubrication
Published in William L. Roberts, Cold Rolling of Steel, 2017
Using the Amsler machine discussed in Section 6-25, it has been found that aqueous emulsions of the saturated fatty acids (myristic, palmitic and stearic) exhibited coefficients of friction which decreased with increasing carbon chain length (see Table 6-18). Two unsaturated fatty acids (oleic and linoleic) comparable in carbon chain length to palmitic acid, provided markedly higher coefficients of friction. Calcium and zinc stearate provided low coefficients but sodium stearate, sodium oleate and potassium stearate (all of which are soluble in water) provided high coefficients.
Experimental study on rotary triboelectric separation of low-rank coal macerals with surface modification
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2022
Xuebin Zhang, Youjun Tao, Dongping Tao, Fangyuan Ma, Yushuai Xian
In Figures 13 and 14, the modifier’s dosage significantly affects triboelectric separation, and the optimal dosage is different for various modified reagents. The optimal dosage is 3.0 kg/t for kerosene and sodium silicate and 5.0 kg/t for diesel, sodium stearate, and acetic acid. The overlarge dosage of chemicals is a disadvantage for triboelectric separation of macerals. The results of modifier’s dosages are consistent with the analysis of differences in charge–mass ratios. The poor separation may be caused by the fact that the differences in surface properties of vitrinite and inertinite become small as a result of being covered by largely modified reagents (Wang et al. 2017). This phenomenon has been confirmed by the permittivity and charge–mass ratio analysis of macerals, and the excessive modified dosage leads to a lower difference in charging properties between vitrinite and inertinite.
Effect of sodium dodecyl sulphate on Cu electrodeposition: interaction with hydrophobic substrate and Cu ions
Published in Transactions of the IMF, 2022
In Ui Kim, Ye Ri Gwon, Yeong Min Shin, Sung Ki Cho
Anionic surfactants are amphiphilic organic compounds containing both a hydrophobic tail (such as linear, branched, or aromatic hydrocarbon) and a negatively charged hydrophilic head (such as sulphate, sulphonate, phosphate, and carboxylates). Typical examples of anionic surfactants include sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), sodium lauryl ether sulphate, sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (SDBS), and sodium stearate. Despite their enormous use in various applications associated with surface chemistry, their effect on metal electrodeposition has not been studied much. A few studies have reported that the anionic surfactants have a negligible influence on the electrochemical response for metal electrodeposition1,2 and on the film properties of metal electrodeposits.3 This might be associated with the negative overpotential applied to the electrode for the reduction of a metal cation, which is electrostatically unfavourable for the adsorption of anionic surfactants on the electrode surface. However, the anionic surfactants could have a significant effect when the electrolyte for metal electrodeposition contained a heterogeneous phase, such as solid particles for composite electrodeposition4–7 or hydrogen gas evolved from side reactions,8,9 since the anionic surfactants can affect the dispersion of particles or the size of the gas bubble in the electrolyte.
A review on the heat transfer performance of pulsating heat pipes
Published in Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2022
Manoj J. Rajale, P. Issac Prasad, B. Nageswara Rao
Wang et al. (2015) inspected the surfactant’s impact on the CLPHP thermal performance charge with DI water and sodium stearate surfactant solution. From experimental results, researchers concluded that the PHP thermal performance was significantly influenced by the solution of surfactant, and it depends on the concentrations of the solutions and the charge ratio. In all the tested conditions, the best thermal performance was obtained when for 10 ppm, 20 ppm sodium stearate solution with a filling ratio of 39%, 47%, respectively. To make the water-based surfactant solutions Patel, Gaurav, and Mehta (2017) used sodium dodecyl sulphate as a surfactant. Results show that at low power input (<50 W), 20% heat transfer enhancement was observed for water 45 PPM, and at higher power heat input (>50 W), 26% heat transfer enhancement was observed for water-60 PPM surfactant solutions compared to pure water. Xing, Wang, and Yu (2020) experimented to predict the influence of gravity on the PHP thermal performance charge with DI water and cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) solution. The experimental results directed that due to higher wettability and better boiling heat transfer characteristic, CTAB solution charged PHP less rely on gravity and have a better thermal performance than the water PHP. By the addition of surfactants to the charge fluid, decreases capillary resistance and increase PHP’s boiling heat transfer, which can increase the flow and thermal performance of PHP.