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Excipients for Parenteral Use
Published in Sandeep Nema, John D. Ludwig, Parenteral Medications, 2019
Sandeep Nema, Ronald J. Brendel
Table 8.4 summarizes the antioxidants, their frequency of use, concentration range and examples of product containing them. Sulfite, bisulfite and metabisulfite constitute the majority of antioxidants used in parenteral products despite several reports of incompatibility and toxicity.45,46 Butylated hydroxy anisole, butylated hydroxy toluene, alpha tocopherol and propyl gallate are primarily used in semi/nonaqueous vehicles because of their low aqueous solubility.47 Ascorbic acid/sodium ascorbate may serve as an antioxidant, buffer and chelating agent in the same formulation. Some amino acids such as methionine and cysteine also function as effective antioxidants.
Self-assembling porphyrin conjugate-carboplatin(IV) prodrug nanoparticles for enhancing high efficacy nasopharyngeal cancer and low systemic toxicity
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Renjie Su, Xiangwen Zhang, Qianhua Peng, Wenbin Wang
HPLC was utilized to investigate the prodrug's ability to redox-sensitively to analyze the reaction reduction products of Ada-CPT-Pt(IV) treated with aqueous sodium ascorbate [45]. Aqueous sodium ascorbate was employed as a reducer to simulate the reduced environment displayed inside tumour cells. Carboplatin was supposed to be formed when the Ada-CPT-Pt(IV) prodrug was reduced. The retention time peak of free Carboplatin can be presented in Figure 1A. In contrast, the peak of the Ada-CPT-Pt(IV) prodrug can be demonstrated in the HPLC chromatogram at 7.6 min. There was a reduction in the strength of the peak at 7.6 min after incubating sodium ascorbate over time with the prodrug. When reduced to its active form, the Ada-CPT-Pt(IV) was a prodrug that might treat cancer patients.
Preparation, characterization and catalytic study of a nano-inorganic composite of CuO/NiO for the regioselective synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles in water
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2021
Zohreh Hashemi Beni, Jalal Albadi, Hamzeh Kiyani
Table 5 compares the results obtained from regioselective synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles in the presence of CuO/NiO nanocatalyst with some of the other reported catalysts. In comparison with other catalysts, CuO/NiO nanocatalyst catalyzes the reaction effectively in water and affords corresponding products at high yields in short reaction times. Moreover, in this procedure, there was no need for a base, reducing substance or any additive reagent. CuO/NiO nanocatalyst is simple and its preparation is very comfortable. The reaction in the presence of some other catalysts has been performed in organic solvents such as toluene. Moreover, other reported methods required longer reaction times and also performed in the presence of complex catalysts, whose preparation method is difficult. Furthermore, in some reactions, additive reagents such as sodium ascorbate are needed.
Three dimensional graphene materials doped with heteroatoms for extraction and adsorption of environmental pollutants in wastewater
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 2020
Zhiyong Guo, Yufeng Feng, Chen Zhang, Guihua Huang, Jinxin Chi, Qiuhong Yao, Guofeng Zhang, Xi Chen
The 3D FGMs with superhydrophobic structure were synthesized by Wang et al.,68 in which GO was reduced by phenolic acid. The superhydrophobic material showed extraordinary adsorption properties for dyes in water. For different dyes, the lowest adsorption capacity was found to be 115 mg/g, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 1260 mg/g. The removal rate of dyes in water was higher than 97.8%. The 3D rGO hydrogel was synthesized using sodium ascorbate as a reductant by Tiwari et al.69 Methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine (RB) in water could be fully absorbed by the 3D rGO hydrogel based on π–π and electrostatic interaction. Liu et al.70 added pyrrole into GO to prepare a 3D graphene/polypyrrole foam by a multi-step method, with removal rates of 100% and 97% to methylene blue and rhodamine, respectively. The 3D graphene/polypyrrole foam also show absorption amount is larger than 100 mg/g and rapidly recycled toward oil. A nitrogen-doped ultra-light 3D FGMs was prepared using polypyrrole by Zhao et al.,71 which is also very efficient for the adsorption of organic pollutants in water. The adsorption capacity reached at 200–600 times of its own weight, which is much higher than that of other carbon-based materials.