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Interface Science and the Formation of Structure
Published in Jeffrey P. Simmons, Lawrence F. Drummy, Charles A. Bouman, Marc De Graef, Statistical Methods for Materials Science, 2019
Tang et al. [1002] and Mishin et al. [692] used diffuse-interface (phase-field) models to show that coupled grain boundary premelting and prewetting transitions can occur in binary alloys, leading to the formation of complexions with character similar to those nanoscale, impurity-based, disordered (glass-like or liquid-like) intergranular films (IGFs) that have been widely observed in ceramic materials [598] as well as in some metallic alloys [929, 401, 601] (Figure 10.16). Clarke originally proposed that such IGFs have an “equilibrium” thickness on the order of one nanometer as a balance of attractive and repulsive interfacial interactions acting on the films [209]. Cannon further pointed out that these impurity-based IGFs can be equivalently considered as disordered multilayer adsorbates with average film composition [173]. Similar impurity-based, equilibrium, nanometer-thick IGFs, which were also called “nanolayer” complexions in a most recent overview article [174], were also observed at hetero-phase boundaries (Figure 10.16) [598, 54] and on free surfaces (Figure 10.16) [599]. It is interesting to note that these equilibrium-thickness, liquid-like interfacial complexions can often persist above the bulk solidus lines/curves, coexisting in a thermodynamic equilibrium with non-wetting bulk liquid drops, which is somewhat in contrast to the original literal meanings of the terms “premelting” and “prewetting” discussed above (since the wetting phase is already a stable bulk phase).
Multi-Phase Systems
Published in Marc J. Assael, Geoffrey C. Maitland, Thomas Maskow, Urs von Stockar, William A. Wakeham, Stefan Will, Commonly Asked Questions in Thermodynamics, 2022
Marc J. Assael, Geoffrey C. Maitland, Thomas Maskow, Urs von Stockar, William A. Wakeham, Stefan Will
In consequence, we may answer the question from the headline by stating that Clapeyron's equation has little to do with ice skating. There are other mechanisms mainly responsible for a liquid film on the ice surface, namely frictional melting, see, for example, Colbeck (1995), and most importantly “premelting,” indicating that a liquid-like layer is formed on the ice surface well below the normal bulk melting temperature. The thickness and structure of this layer have been topics of intense research, including the effects of impurities and confinement, for reviews the reader may consult Dash et al. (2006), Wettlaufer and Grae Worster (2006) and Slater and Michaelides (2019).
Structure and properties of electroexplosive wear and electroerosion resistant coatings
Published in Denis A. Romonov, Stanislav V. Moskovskii, Viktor E. Gromov, Surface Structure Modification nd Hardening of Al-Si Alloys, 2020
Denis A. Romonov, Stanislav V. Moskovskii, Viktor E. Gromov
The low values of the roughness parameter Ra are caused by the treatment mode close to the spraying of coatings in the premelting deposition mode, which is characterized by the precipitation of predominantly liquid particles of CEEM from the rear of the CEEM from the rear of the jet with subsequent self-hardening.
Grain boundary premelting of monolayer ices in 2D nano-channels
Published in Molecular Physics, 2019
Zun Liang, Han Du, Hongtao Liang, Yang Yang
The term premelting refers to the formation of a thermodynamically stable liquid film at solid interfaces at temperatures below but close to the bulk melting temperature [1]. The premelting transitions occur in all types of solids, they stand out in the case of ice, because of their association with terrestrial life and the importance of their environmental effects [2]. Studies of premelting at ice surfaces have been carried out with a wide variety of modern experimental and molecular-level modelling techniques (see in Ref. [2,3] and references therein), these studies have demonstrated the rich nature and complexity of the ice surface premelting behaviours, which covers a span from quasi-liquid bilayer-by-bilayer melting process [4,5] to complete [6], incomplete premelting [7] and a first-order phase transition between two distinct premelting states [8], depending on temperature, surface crystallographic orientation and even atmospheric environment.