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Titrimetric Analysis
Published in Pradyot Patnaik, Handbook of Environmental Analysis, 2017
The strength or normality of an acid titrant prior to its use in the titration is determined by standardizing against a base such as sodium carbonate of known strength. Other primary standards for acid are tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and sodium tetraborate decahydrate. Similarly, a base titrant is standardized against potassium hydrogen phthalate or potassium hydrogen iodate. The following example illustrates the normality-based calculation to determine the strength of an acid or base from a titration experiment.
Electrodeposition
Published in Vidya Nand Singh, Chemical Methods for Processing Nanomaterials, 2021
(pH 2.8) containing potassium hydrogen phthalate and hydrochloric acid. The dense and compact CIS NWs (Figures 4.14a, b) were obtained at optimized pulse waveforms with pulsing time te = 0.3 s at potential V, = —1 V (vs Pt) and discharging time tr = 2 s at Vr = 0 V yielded. Such electrodeposited CIS NWs can be annealed at 220°C in a vacuum (10-2 bar) to improve stoichiometry and crystallinity [86].
On-Line Monitors
Published in Tadahiro Ohmi, Ultraclean Technology Handbook, 2017
Makoto saito, Masami Miura, Yoshio Senoo, Yoshiki Shibata, Hirotake Shigemi, Toshio Kumagai, Takashi Sasaki, Toshiki Manabe, Seiichi Inagaki, Sankichi Takahashi, Toshihiko Kaneko, Makoto Satoda, Shin’ichi Akazawa, Toshiki Manabe, Akira Yamada
As shown in Eq. (5), if the flow rates of sample and oxygen gas are fixed, the NDIR reading and the TOC concentration correspond to each other. Therefore, the TOC concentration can be determined from the NDIR readings if the zero-span calibration is done with a standard solution whose concentration is known. Potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) solution is used as the standard solution.
Synergistic Extraction of U(VI), Th(IV), and Lanthanides(III) from Nitric Acid Solutions Using Mixtures of TODGA and Dinonylnaphthalene Sulfonic Acid
Published in Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, 2018
А. N. Turanov, V. К. Karandashev
The concentration of U(VI), Th(IV), and Ln(III) in the initial and equilibrium aqueous solutions was determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-МS) on a mass spectrometer X-7 (Thermo Electron, USA) according to the previously described procedure.[34] The content of U(VI), Th(IV), and Ln(III) in the organic phase ([M]org) was determined as a difference between the initial ([M]init) and equilibrium ([M]aq) concentrations of metal ions in the aqueous phase. As this difference in some cases was very low, the concentration of metal ions in the organic phase was determined by ICP-MS after back-extraction with 0.1 M solution of 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid. The sum of the metal ions’ concentrations in the two phases agreed well with the initial concentration. The distribution ratio D values were calculated as [M]org/[M]aq. Triplicate experiments showed that the reproducibility of the D measurements was within 5%. The concentration of HNO3 in the equilibrium aqueous phase was determined by potentiometric titration of H+ with KOH solution. The KOH solution was standardized by titration of over-dried potassium hydrogen phthalate.