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Alkaloids potential health Benefits and toxicity
Published in Quan V. Vuong, Utilisation of Bioactive Compounds from Agricultural and Food Waste, 2017
Renée A. Street, Gerhard Prinsloo, Lyndy J. McGaw
Obesity is a complex chronic condition in which excess body fat accumulates into adipocytes, leading to adverse metabolic effects on blood pressure, cholesterol, an increased risk for type 2 diabetes T2DM, coronary heart disease and hypertension (Choi et al. 2014, WHO 2016). In obesity, there is an increase in the number of differentiated mature cells, which are regulated by genetic and environmental factors. The prevalence of obesity has been increasing in both the developed and developing world (Choi et al. 2014). In 2014, nearly 2 billion adults worldwide were overweight (39 per cent of adults 18+) and, of these, more than half a billion were obese. In Americas, Europe and Eastern Mediterranean regions, 50 per cent of women are overweight and 25 per cent of these are obese. Obesity is, however, more prevalent in low and lower middle-income countries with more women obese than men (WHO 2016). Screening natural products for anti-obesity potential is important in the search for treatment of this worldwide disease (Choi et al. 2014). The fruits of Piper retrofractum have been used for their anti-flatulent, expectorant, antitussive, antifungal and appetizing properties in traditional medicine, and they are reported to possess gastroprotective and cholesterol-lowering properties. Piperidine alkaloids from Piper retrofractum, namely piperine, pipernonaline and dehydropipernonaline were isolated as anti-obesity constituents of this plant (Kim et al. 2011).
Review on facile synthesis of cerium oxide nanoparticles and their biomedical applications
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2022
Suneela Kontham, Kiranmai Mandava, Sindhu Dosa, Faheem Uddin Mohd, Obaid Ahmed Mohammed, Aijaz Uddin Mohammad
It is the one of the prominent plants in the folkloric system of Indian medicine. It contains the active phytochemicals such as from the classes of flavonoids piperidine alkaloids (juliforicine, juliprosinene and juliflorine) and elagic acid glycosides which exhibits the antimicrobial activity against grampositive bacteria and fungi 9 (Figure 4). The leaves of this plant were used to treat the oral ailments, respiratory disorders and also acts as an insecticide.[18]
Review: the multicolored coordination chemistry of violurate anions
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2019
Volker Lorenz, Phil Liebing, Felix Engelhardt, Franziska Stein, Marcel Kühling, Lea Schröder, Frank T. Edelmann
Just like ammonium violurate and the violurate salts of alkali and alkaline earth metals, violurates of organoammonium cations are characterized by magnificent, often blue or purple, colors. The first examples of polychromic organoammonium violurate salts were described by Zerewitinoff in the year 1909 [78] and Hantzsch in 1910 [20]. Treatment of ethanolic solutions of violuric acid with simple aliphatic amines (primary, secondary, and tertiary) resulted in the immediate development of intense colors and rapid crystallization of the corresponding organoammonium violurate salts. Tetraalkylammonium violurates could be prepared by neutralizing free violuric acid with tetraalkylammonium hydroxides. The colors of the crystalline materials were red-violet, purple, and blue. It was pointed out, that similar intensely colored salts could be formed with pyridine and substituted pyridines, piperidine, alkaloids, and certain aromatic amines [20, 78]. It took exactly 100 years until it was realized that the structural chemistry of such organoammonium salts is rather interesting and diverse. In 2009, the crystal structures of six new organoammonium violurates with cyclohexylammonium, piperidinium, tetrahydroisoquinolinium, quinuclidinium, pyridinium, and 3-aminopyridinium cations were reported [79]. The salts were prepared following the original Zerewitinoff method and characterized in great detail using single-crystal X-ray diffraction, solution and solid-state UV/vis spectroscopy, linear-polarized infrared (IR-LD) spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and thermal methods. Moreover, quantum chemical ab initio and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out in order to get a better understanding of the optical properties of these compounds. This resulted in the observation and elucidation of a new phenomenon of the origin of the color in the solid state. The colors of three of these organoammonium salts together with their solid-state UV-vis spectra are depicted in Figure 7. It shows that all compounds are violet in solution as expected for solvent-separated violurate anions, while the color of the crystals can vary from yellow/orange to violet [79].