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Microbial Bioconversion of Agro-Waste Biomass into Useful Phenolic Compounds
Published in Prakash K. Sarangi, Latika Bhatia, Biotechnology for Waste Biomass Utilization, 2023
Bhabjit Pattnaik, Prakash Kumar Sarangi, Padan Kumar Jena, Hara Prasad Sahoo
Vanillin (C8H8O3) is a phenolic aldehyde, an organic compound that is an important plant secondary metabolite (Figure 3.3). Chemically, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, is a pleasant, intensely sweet-smelling aromatic compound occurring naturally in vanilla beans (Kerler et al., 2001). It is also found in Leptotes bicolor (Mohamad et al., 1998) roasted coffee (Sen and Grosch, 1992), and the Chinese red pine. Vanillin appears as white or very slightly yellow needles (Kumar et al., 2012). It is a fragrant aldehyde grouped under simple phenolic compounds. It structurally retains the functional groups including, ether, phenol, and aldehyde (Converti et al., 2010). The compound crystallizes in the form of colorless needles from hot water at a temperature of 81–82°C (Gildemeister and Hoffmann, 1899). Vanillin is quite a versatile flavor enjoyed by most people following its rich fragrance, landing it as the world’s leading and most popular flavor (Schrader et al., 2004). It is quite often attained from the paper and pulp industry as a by-product, following the oxidative breakdown of lignin or may be extracted from the vanilla bean. (Kerler et al., 2001). It is normally considered that the phenylpropanoid pathway starting with L-phenylalanine yields vanillin as a product (Dixon, 2014). Vanillin is the end product of the two-step ferulic acid bioconversion. In other words, the phenolic acid can be extracted efficiently by oxidation (ß- oxidation) of ferulic acid or synthesized from ferulic acid (Zenk,1965; Overhage et.al., 1999).
Contribution of Bioavailable Silicon in Human Health
Published in Debasis Bagchi, Manashi Bagchi, Metal Toxicology Handbook, 2020
Dietary supplements are an important source of silica with potential health benefits. For example, an inositol-stabilized arginine silicate dietary supplement (ASI; Nitrosigine) has been tested clinically in healthy adult males and emerging data support its capacity to increase plasma levels of arginine, silicon, and nitric oxide. The authors conclude that provision of ASI (1,500 mg/day) for 14 days significantly improved cognition and tests requiring mental flexibility, processing speed, and executive functioning.49 Marcowycz et al. studied the bioavailability of silicon from OSA-stabilized by vanillin (OSA-VC), a phenolic aldehyde in vanilla bean extract. In this study, 14 healthy subjects consumed either OSA-VC or a placebo on two separate occasions with blood and urine sampling at 6 h post-dose. Plasma silicon was significantly higher after OSA-VC ingestion compared to placebo ingestion and higher urinary silicon excretion was also reported compared to placebo with ~21% of ingested silicon excreted.50 Scholey et al. assessed uptake and potential efficacy of a novel, pH neutral form of a silicon supplement in vitro using broiler chickens as a model species. In vitro bioavailability of this supplement was significantly higher than other commercial supplements tested. Tibia and foot ash residues (% dry mass) were higher with inclusion of the dietary supplement with significant increases in tibia breaking strength. The authors demonstrate bioavailability and efficacy and posit that this is due to the novel non-condensed, monomeric form.51 Incorporating silicon into Spirulina, an edible cyanobacteria, could be a way to produce a bioavailable food supplement. To that end, Vidé et al. assessed the potential toxic aspects of dietary exposure to silicon-rich Spirulina as a dietary supplement in rats.52 Consumption of Spirulina (up to 285 mg/kg body weight/day) for 90 days was safe and exerted no adverse effects on behavior, biochemical parameters, markers of oxidative stress, inflammatory markers, or pathological or histological findings. Others have evaluated the digestive absorption of silicon after a single bolus dose in the form of methylsilanetriol salicylate.53
Cecropia pachystachya Trécul: identification, isolation of secondary metabolites, in silico study of toxicological evaluation and interaction with the enzymes 5-LOX and α-1-antitrypsin
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2022
Penina Sousa Mourão, Rafael de Oliveira Gomes, Clara Andrezza Crisóstomo Bezerra Costa, Orlando Francisco da Silva Moura, Herbert Gonzaga Sousa, George Roberto Lemos Martins Júnior, Danniel Cabral Leão Ferreira, Antônio Luiz Martins Maia Filho, Johnnatan Duarte de Freitas, Mahendra Rai, Francisco Das Chagas Alves Lima, Antonio Euzébio Gourlart Santana, Mariana Helena Chaves, Wellington Dos Santos Alves, Valdiléia Teixeira Uchôa
The biosynthesis of phenolic compounds proceeds by building the aromatic ring from carbohydrates that already contain the necessary hydroxyl group (Pérez et al. 2020). Syringaldehyde is in the group of phenolic aldehydes, and demonstrates biological activities including antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial (Youssef et al. 2020). The compounds identified in ERCP, present biological activities previously reported, thus indicating the use of this plant for the treatment of several diseases.