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Reprotoxic and Endocrine Substances
Published in Małgorzata Pośniak, Emerging Chemical Risks in the Work Environment, 2020
Katarzyna Miranowicz-Dzierżawska
Herbicides, phenylurea derivatives, dicarbamates, pyridazinones, and diphenyl ethers can disrupt thyroid function. Impaired iodine uptake by the thyroid, decreased thyroxine levels in plasma, as well as its clearance have been found in workers employed in the packaging of the 2,4-D herbicide (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid). Another herbicide, nitrofen (2,4-Dichlorophenyl 4-nitrophenyl ether) causes a decrease in vesicle size and colloid density in the thyroid gland. Amitrol (3-Amino-1H-1,2,4-triazole) inhibits thyroid peroxidase, increases TSH level, and contributes to goiter formation [Starek 2007].
Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity Studies by Cutaneous Administration
Published in Rhoda G. M. Wang, James B. Knaak, Howard I. Maibach, Health Risk Assessment, 2017
Rochelle W. Tyl, Raymond G. York, James L. Schardein
The herbicide nitrofen has been investigated in several studies in rats with respect to dermal application and development. It appears that doses in the range of 12 to 18 mg/kg on gestation days 6 to 15 induce eye abnormalities, diaphragmatic hernias, hydronephrosis, and dysmorphic Harderian glands.129,130 No other classes of developmental toxicity were reported and these results parallel somewhat those reported in mice and rats following oral administration.131,132
Extractive removal of micro and trace nitrofen, 2, 4-dichlorophenol and p-nitrotrophenol from water/soil by humic acid ester ether
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Dairui Xie, Hao Huang, Heng Zhang, Fang Shen, Meng Jiang, Xiaoting Li, Hongyan Shang, Jun Ma, Shilin Zhao
Nitrofen (NIP), a type of diphenyl ether herbicides has been applied during the 1960s in China [1,2], is a kind of relatively low toxicity and efficient herbicides to kill varieties of broad- and narrow-leaved weeds [3]. Although NIP has been widely used in agricultural production, it also has caused ground water pollution through agricultural runoff since the 1970s to the end of twentieth century [4]. In fact, NIP is easily adsorbed by soil organic matters, which makes it persistent in the groundwater and soil [5,6]. In addition, as the raw materials for the synthesis of NIP, 2, 4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) [7] and p-nitrotrophenol (PNP) [8, 9] are the primary natural photodegradation products of NIP in water and soil environment [10]. All of them (NIP 2,4-DCP and PNP named NIPs) are hazardous to ecological environment due to their properties of resistant degradation, high toxicity and bioaccumulation [11]. As we know, some European countries are not yet thoroughly forbidding employing it even if the residues of NIP in grains are required to be less than 0.01 mg/kg [12]. Therefore, much remains to be done to eliminate the hidden trouble caused by the above toxic substance.