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Stormwater Sources and Contaminants
Published in Roger D. Griffin, Principles of Stormwater Management, 2018
One example is lead. Lead, which has been banned for over 25 years as a fuel additive, is a common contaminant in soils next to roadways due to the sloughing off of lead oxide particles. These particles coated exhaust pipes from the vehicles burning leaded gasoline and were continuously sloughed off while driving. Once generated, the lead remained in close proximity to the roadways prior to being entrained in stormwater runoff.
In vitro cholinesterase enzymes inhibitory potential and in silico molecular docking studies of biogenic metal oxides nanoparticles
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2018
Ali Talha Khalil, Muhammad Ayaz, Muhammad Ovais, Abdul Wadood, Muhammad Ali, Zabta Khan Shinwari, Malik Maaza
The biogenic nanoparticles synthesized via the aqueous leaf extracts of Sageretia thea indicated varying degree of interactions with cholinesterase enzymes. The results generated from the in vitro experiments was further supported by the molecular docking studies. Among the tested metal oxide nanoparticles, PbO indicated highest potential of inhibition for AChE and BChE followed by the oxide nanoparticles of cobalt, zinc, nickel and iron. Among the metal oxides, lead oxide is also known for its hazardous nature to the human cells.
Biosynthesis and cytotoxic activity of lead oxide nanoparticles
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2018
Abdolhossien Miri, Mina Sarani, Alireza Hashemzadeh, Zahra Mardani, Majid Darroudi
Lead oxide (PbO) is known as an important industrial material, which has been widely utilized in batteries (1), gas sensors (2), pigments (3), ceramics (4), and glass industry (5). The colors that contain lead-based pigments seem to have interesting properties including rustproof, anti-bacterial, and anti-algae, which are extensively employed in shipbuilding, construction skeleton, and road construction (6,7). PbO is a semiconductor that has two crystalline forms, litharge (tetragonal crystalline structure) and massicot (orthorhombic crystalline structure) (8,9). The color of litharge crystals is red with α-PbO form, which has shown to be stable at low temperatures; while massicot crystals are yellow with a β-PbO form and seem to be stable at high temperatures. The conversion phase of α-PbO to β-PbO occurs at approximately 490°C. Lead oxides are useful photovoltaic materials (10) that mostly applied as optical active semiconductors with the band gaps of 1.92 and 2.7 eV (11,12). Recently, PbO nanostructures synthesized through the usage of several methods including thermal decomposition (12,13), Sol–gel pyrolysis (14) thermal decomposition under the microwave radiation (15), chemical deposition (16), and solvothermal method (17). Since the mentioned procedures are usually expensive, time-consuming, and toxic, it is crucial to discover fast, low-cost, and environmental-friendly methods, in which biosynthesis could be considered as one of them (18–22). Animal or plant-based extracts inherently have functional groups with high affinity towards metal ions, aforementioned characteristics as a stabilizer could be deduced from its interactions. Knowing how to apply biopolymers in the synthesis of nanoparticles helps to control size, shape and other properties more efficiently (23). Obtaining more knowledge in biosynthetic methods could revolutionize preparation and designing of new nanomaterials including metal/metal oxides (24).