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Lactulose: A High Food Value-Added Compound and Its Industrial Application in Food
Published in Deepak Kumar Verma, Ami R. Patel, Sudhanshu Billoria, Geetanjali Kaushik, Maninder Kaur, Microbial Biotechnology in Food Processing and Health, 2023
Lactobionic acid (4-O-ß-D-galactopyranosyl-D-gluconic acid) with molecular weight of 358.30 Da, chemical formula of C12H22O12, and pKa of 3.8, is considered as an aldonic acid product from lactose oxidation. It is a high added-value lactose derivative with versatile functions in food and medical sectors because of its chelating, antioxidant, and humectant features. In lactobionic acid, a gluconic acid molecule is attached to a galactose moiety through an ether-like linkage. It is highly hygroscopic molecules with the ability to form gels with 14% water content, mainly due to its high content of hydroxyl groups. Lactobionic acid and its mineral salts like sodium, calcium, and potassium lactobionate are commercially manufactured in small scales for medical, industrial, and research applications (Gutiérrez et al., 2012). Recently, lactobionic acid has gained a lot of attention as a biologically active molecule and a superb platform to synthesize biodegradable and biocompatible drug delivery systems and biomaterials. As well, it has an important role in treating hepatic disorders (Alonso et al., 2013).
Nanocatalysts from Biomass and for the Transformation of Biomass
Published in Vanesa Calvino-Casilda, Antonio José López-Peinado, Rosa María Martín-Aranda, Elena Pérez-Mayoral, Nanocatalysis, 2019
Lactose, a disaccharide formed by glucose and galactose units, can be oxidised to lactobionic acid (LBA) and subsequently, to 2-keto-lactobionate. The first one, that is, lactobionic acid, is applied in the food industry and in the synthesis of biodegradable surfactants. Lactose oxidation performed over a 2 wt % Au/Al2O3 catalyst at basic pH afforded lactobionate in high yields with less catalyst deactivation than over palladium catalysts (Tokarev et al. 2007). LBA was obtained with a 95% yield on recyclable Pd-Bi/C catalysts (until 15 cycles without significant activity loss) with Bi/Pd ranging between 0.50 and 0.67 by oxidation of lactose at pH = 7–10 (Hendriks et al. 1990). When bimetallic Pd-Bi particles (Bi/Pd = 3) were supported on a mesoporous SBA-15 silica, a yield of LBA of 96% was achieved in the aerobic oxidation of lactose at pH 9 (Belkacemi and Hamoudi 2010). The oxidation of lactose over a Pt−Bi/C catalyst at pH 7 yielded lactobionate, which was subsequently transformed in to 2-keto-lactobionate with a final yield of 80%.
Household and Personal Care Products: Cleaning up and Looking Good
Published in Richard J. Sundberg, The Chemical Century, 2017
Some polyhydroxy acids used for skin exfoliation are carbohydrate derivatives, including gluconolactone and lactobionic acid. As is evident from its structure, gluconolactone is not an acid, but rather an acid precursor. The lactone ring can be hydrolyzed to the corresponding acid. Lactobionic acid is derived from lactose, a disaccharide of glucose and galactose. These products are considered to be less immediately irritating to the skin upon application, with less burning or stinging.
A comparative study of the in vitro antitumor effect of the disulfide-linked and diselenide-linked polyethylene glycol-curcumin nanoparticles
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2023
Mengting Zhou, Qingbo Xu, Jiangfei Liu, Tianyu Zhu, Yanhong Su, Jing Chu, Huaibao Cao, Hang Hu, Defeng Xu
In summary, PEG4000-SS-CUR, PEG1500-SS-CUR, PEG4000-SeSe-CUR and PEG1500-SeSe-CUR were synthesized for efficient CUR delivery. These four CUR prodrugs exhibit high CUR loading content. The prepared PEG4000-SS-CUR, PEG1500-SS-CUR, PEG4000-SeSe-CUR and PEG1500-SeSe-CUR NPs exhibit globular morphology and the hydrodynamic diameters (90–190 nm) increase with increasing drug loading content of CUR. The four CUR prodrug NPs all exhibit good colloidal stability in physiological conditions and release CUR in response to GSH. The four CUR prodrug NPs exhibit similar cytotoxicity against 22Rv1 cells as compared to free CUR while PEG4000-SeSe-CUR NPs exhibit the highest cytotoxicity and induce the highest cell apoptosis ratio against 4T1 cells, which might be ascribed to the fast drug release of PEG4000-SeSe-CUR in response to GSH and high activity of selenated CUR against 4T1 cells. Compared to the curcumin encapsulated poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) NPs and lactobionic acid based bola-amphiphile NPs which have unsatisfactory curcumin loading content (less than 10%) and uncontrollable drug release,[41,42] the conjugation of curcumin with PEG through diselenide in our work provides curcumin nanoformulations with higher curcumin loading content and GSH-triggered drug release. PEG4000-SeSe-CUR NPs developed in this work provide a water soluble and effective nanoformulation of CUR against 4T1 cells.
Toxicological evaluation of the herbicide Palace® in Drosophila melanogaster
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2019
Mayara B. Leão, Débora F. Gonçalves, Gabriela M. Miranda, Giovanna M. X. da Paixão, Cristiane L. Dalla Corte
For this test, flies were exposed to the highest dilution of Palace® of 22.4% for 24 h. The analyses were performed using O2k-system high-resolution oxygraphy (Oroboros Instruments, Innsbruck, Austria). Two flies were homogenized in respiration medium-MIR05 (0.5mM EGTA, 3mM MgCl2, 60mM lactobionic acid, 20mM taurine, 10mM KH2PO4, 20mM HEPES, 110mM sucrose, 0.1 mg/ml fatty acid free BSA) and added to the chamber at 37°C also containing MIR05 (Costa, Loh, and Martins 2017). The protocol consisted of a sequential titration of multiple substrates, uncouplers and inhibitors (SUIT protocol) (Pesta and Gnaiger 2012). After signal stabilization, the experimental SUIT protocol was performed by sequential addition of pyruvate (5 mM), malate (2 mM) and proline (5 mM); ADP (5 mM); succinate (10 mM); oligomycin (2.5 μM); carbonyl cyanide-4-(tri-fluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP -titrations of 0.5 μM until reaching the maximum oxygen consumption); rotenone (0.5 μM); malonate (5 mM) and antimycin (2.5 μM). Three to four independent experiments were performed.
Preparation, properties, applications and outlook of graphene-based materials in biomedical field: a comprehensive review
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Luyang Yao, Anqi Chen, Li Li, Yu Liu
Tumor-specific receptors and tumor-specific antigens exist on the surface of tumor cells. Targeted therapy system for this characteristic has become a significant approach to cancer treatment, added to the drug delivery system with specific antibody or ligand that are often endogenous components, not only can greatly improve the ability to target, but also reduce the human immune response and the adverse reaction of drugs. There are overexpressing asialoglycoprotein (ASGPR) receptors present on the surface of hepatocarcinoma cells which have strong binding efficiency with lactobionic acid (LA) and its derivative. Lv and his colleagues [135] synthesized a new multifunctional GO drug carrier (GO/PEI.Ac-FI-PEG-LA) (Figure 5c), by modifying the GO surface with polyethylene imine (PEI) which sequentially grafted with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FI) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) linked lactate acid (LA). In this work, LA was used to target specific liver cancer cells (SMMC-7721), FI as fluorescent probe could track locations of drug carriers, and PEI modifications acted as bonds between GO substrates and functional groups. Flow cytometry and confocal fluorescence microscopy showed that the fluorescence signal in SMMC-7721 cells was significantly stronger than that in normal PIEC cells at the same concentration. Then MTT assay showed that the viability was significantly decreased to 35% from SMMC-7721 cells, while the viability remained at about 95% from PIEC cells. These results suggest that the drug carrier has the ability to target inhibition of cancer cell growth through the mediation of ASGPR receptors. In order to improve the reliability of targeted therapy, multi-targeted DDSs have investigated and demonstrated the advantages beyond single targeted systems. Both folic acid and transferrin receptors are highly expressed in SMMC-7721 cells, Lu et al. [136] recently grafted two kinds of molecules that transferrin and folic acid onto GO carrier to specifically combine with the transferrin and folic acid receptors which were also modified utilizing Pluronic F68 (Tf/FA-GO-PF68), MTT test showed that the inhibition effect of bi-target (Tf/FA-GO-PF68 *DOX) on SMMC-7721 cells was significantly better than that of single target (FA-GO-PF68 *DOX). (p < 0.05)