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Microwave Synthetic Technology
Published in Banik Bimal Krishna, Bandyopadhyay Debasish, Advances in Microwave Chemistry, 2018
Biswa Mohan Sahoo, Bimal Krishna Banik, Jnyanaranjan Pa
A simple protocol for the efficient preparation of aryl- and heteroaryl-substituted dihydropyrimidinone was achieved via initial Knoevenagel, subsequent addition and final cyclization of aldehyde, ethylcyanoacetate and guanidine nitrate in the presence of piperidine as a catalyst in solvent-free under microwave irradiation by Anjna et al. The anti-inflammatory activity is determined in vivo using the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema test. Antibacterial activity of the prepared compounds is tested by the disk diffusion method. An antifungal susceptibility test is done by the disk diffusion method using Sabouraud’s dextrose agar medium. The synthesized compounds showed good anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal activity. The results of the study are presented in Table 11.10 [116].
Microwave as a Greener Alternative in the Synthesis of Organic Compounds
Published in Ahindra Nag, Greener Synthesis of Organic Compounds, Drugs and Natural Products, 2022
Jain and coworkers reported a simple protocol for the efficient preparation of aryl- and heteroaryl-substituted dihydropyrimidinones under the same three-component protocol but changing urea/thiourea for guanidine nitrate. Their synthesis was also promoted by microwave irradiation and was carried out under solvent-free conditions which also provided improved selectivity, enhanced reaction rates, cleaner products and manipulative simplicity compared to other one-pot procedures previously reported that required strong protic or Lewis acids, prolonged reaction times and high temperatures (Scheme 4.15).61
Metal Oxide Nanocomposites: Cytotoxicity and Targeted Drug Delivery Applications
Published in Kaushik Pal, Hybrid Nanocomposites, 2019
Jaison Jeevanandam, Yen S. Chan, Sharadwata Pan, Michael K. Danquah
Besides iron oxide nanocomposites, GO–silver-reduced nanoparticle nanocomposites, synthesized by incorporating extracts from the plant Tiliaamurensis, were engaged in anticancer nanotherapy. The results showed the sensitive restraining influence on cell viability compared to the individual GO, rGO, and silver nanoparticles, and are proposed to be an effective and less toxic cancer therapeutic agent [179]. In 2016, a complex iron oxide–copper oxide–titanium oxide nanocomposite has been prepared using the sol–gel method and was subjected to test its anticancer abilities using the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line. The MTT cytotoxicity assay result showed enhanced anticancer activities of the composite material compared to tamoxifen (a common cancer drug) and undoped titanium oxide and is proposed to be a potential, alternative agent for human breast cancer therapy [180]. Recently, several novel nanocomposites have been tested and proved to possess significant anticancer characteristics. Very recently, Wu et al. fabricated iron oxide–layered double hydroxide with a methotrexate cancer drug using the hydrothermal method. Additionally, its abilities to combat cancer cells were tested in different cancer cell lines such as human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC), MCF-7, and HepG2 via the WST-1 assay. The results revealed that the composite material acts as a perfect cancer drug delivery system against liver cancer (HepG2) and breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines and is less toxic to the HUVEC line [181]. Also, nickel oxide–manganese dioxide nanocomposites were synthesized by the anchoring method as carriers of anticancer drugs such as (3-chloropropyl)triethoxysilane and guanidine nitrate. The results clearly showed that the nanocomposites possess higher potential as a carrier for drug delivery applications [182]. Likewise, in 2017, Wei et al. synthesized monodispersed, mesoporous, walnut kernel–like silicon dioxide–iron oxide nanocomposites with an intense magnetic property for sustained drug release pattern. The outcomes of the MTT cytotoxicity assay of the novel nanocomposite material, performed in rat liver (BRL-3A) cells, showed that it is low on toxicity. The drug release mechanism was studied using vancomycin overloaded inside the composite substance. Outcomes demonstrated that the composite material exhibits a drug-enhanced preliminary spray discharge, trailed by a sluggish continuous discharge procedure. Consequently, it is proposed to be promising targeted drug delivery carriers with synergistic properties [183].
A Methodological Approach to Select a Suitable Azodicarbonamide Based Airbag Gas Generant
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2023
Jeyabalaganesh G, Sivapirakasam S P, Sreejith Mohan, Aravind S.L, Harisivasri Phanindra K
Compounds having azo, nitro, azole, furazano, and amino groups were identified to satisfy the non-azide gas generant composition requirements among the various propellant mixtures (Hara et al. 1998). The performance characteristics of non-azide compounds such as 5 Amino Tetrazole, 1 H Tetrazole, Guanidine nitrate, and 1,2,4 Triazole have been extensively studied (Han et al. 2017, 2018; Hasue and Yoshitake 2013; Jeyabalaganesh et al. 2021; Xu, Du, and Wang 2014). These studies were carried out to evaluate the performance characteristics, including the amount of gas produced, combustion velocity, ignition temperature, burning rate, sensitivity analysis, decomposition temperatures, kinetic analysis, etc. However, they were only concerned with arranging the gas generant mixture based on a particular performance parameter metric and did not consider all the performance parameters. Considering its intricacy and economic viability, the frequency of ballistic testing of an airbag in a real-time environment should be limited. Therefore, before undertaking ballistic testing, the gas generant combination should be thoroughly assessed by considering numerous performance parameters; however, such an extensive study has not been done yet.
Burning Rate Characterization of Guanidine Nitrate and Basic Copper Nitrate Gas Generants with Metal Oxide Additives
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2022
Andrew J. Tykol, F. A. Rodriguez, J. C. Thomas, E. L. Petersen
There has been research into new gas generant formulations containing chemicals such as guanidine nitrate (GN), 5-aminotetrazole, nitroguanidine, guanylurea nitrate, or triaminoguanidine azide that act as the fuel; and basic copper nitrate (BCN), ammonium perchlorate (AP), ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, or potassium perchlorate that serve as the oxidizer. These fuels and oxidizers have been mixed in several combinations to meet strict criteria for being a suitable airbag inflator that requires adequate burning rate and gas output, low toxicity, and low gas exhaust temperature (Damse 2009; Engelen and Lefebvre 2003; Yamato 2009; Khandhadia and Burns 2001; Lund and Blau 1996; Mei et al. 2015; Mendenhall 2003a; Meyer, Köhler, Homburg 2007; Seo, Chung, Yoh 2011; Ulas and Kuo 2008; Ulas et al. 2006). From this list, a very common gas generant used in today’s airbags is composed of GN and BCN. GN/BCN is the current standard for many reasons. GN serves as the fuel, is relatively inexpensive, readily available, and also contains oxygen, helping reduce the amount of oxidizer required for reaction. BCN serves as the oxidizer, is also relatively inexpensive, readily available, has a high gas output, and has good thermal stability (Barnes and Smith 2004; Engelen and Lefebvre 2003; Mei et al. 2013; Mendenhall et al. 2000; Nakashima et al. 2018). GN/BCN is the selected gas generant herein because of its advantageous properties and its widespread application.