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Radio Frequency Magnetron-Sputtered Germanium Nanoislands
Published in Klaus D. Sattler, st Century Nanoscience – A Handbook, 2019
Alireza Samavati, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail
where silicon monoxide (SiO) and germanium monoxide (GeO) are produced and evaporated at relatively moderate temperature (Shklyaev et al., 2000). This reaction can take away the SiO2 sub-layer as well as the deposited Ge, thus leading to form the sub-nanometer-sized voids penetrating through the oxide layer. Ge nanodot generation in this case is slower than the Ge/Si because the rate of the void formation will compete in opposition to nucleation of the deposited Ge at the void sites to generate the nanodots. Thus, voids become the nucleation center of the Ge nanodots. In this case, Ge nanodots have a direct contact with Si substrate through the voids, which follows the lattice of the substrate, as schematically shown in Figure 17.5. On the contrary, nonepitaxial growth on the substrate will occur if the sample temperature is not sufficient or/and fast deposition. In those cases, voids cannot be formed and the Ge will deposit on SiO2 layer without touching the Si substrate. On the other word, Ge nanoislands are separated by SiO2 overlayer (Figure 17.5) from Si Substrate.
Characterization and analysis of sediments in stormwater drainage for reuse
Published in Journal of Applied Water Engineering and Research, 2021
Carlos Peña-Guzmán, Jeimmy Cárdenas, Amelia Pérez, Andrés Torres, Karen Mora-Cabrera
The PCA allowed us to eliminate variables that did not contribute to the statistical model: depth, volatile solids, humidity, percent sand, percent clay, shear stress, length of pipe, diameter of pipe, differences in levels and slopes, along with the following compounds: chromium oxide (CrO), strontium oxide (SrO), manganese dioxide (MnO2), vanadium oxide (V2O5), nickel oxide (Ni2O3), lead oxide (Pb3O4), actinium oxide (Ac2O3), gold oxide (Au2O3), germanium monoxide (GeO), rubidium oxide (Rb2O), yttrium oxide (Y2O3), samarium oxide (Sm2O3), zirconium dioxide (ZrO2), caesium oxide (Cs2O), polonium dioxide (PoO2), europium oxide (Eu2O3), barium oxide (BaO), tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5), and lutetium oxide (Lu2O3) because their percentage in the sediments was less than 0.01%. Finally, the statistical analyses were conducted using 17 variables (3 qualitative and 13 quantitative).