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Turfgrass Diseases and Nematodes
Published in L.B. (Bert) McCarty, Golf Turf Management, 2018
Fluopyram. Fluopyram is actually an SDHI (succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor) fungicide with nematicidal activity, a trade name “Indemnify” 3.34 L, and a relatively long half-life of up to two years. It demonstrates good activity on sting and root-knot nematodes, but is less effective on lance. It is a contact product and has limited mobility through thatch. The maximum allowed amount is 17.1 fluid ounces/acre/year (1.25 L/ha) for commercial turf. Curative spot treatments over smaller areas (no more than 10,000 square feet, 929 m2, each) can be made at a maximum of 0.39 fluid ounce/1,000 square feet (1.24 L/ha) up to four times per calendar year. Apply in 2 gallons of water per 1,000 square feet (16 L/100 m2) followed by 1/4 inch (6.4 mm) irrigation for sting nematodes but only lightly for root-knot. For shoot-gall nematodes, one to two applications at 0.2 to 0.35 ounce/1,000 square feet (6 to 12 g/100 m2) provides season-long control. When applied, fluopyram almost immediately paralyzes nematodes by blocking cellular respiration, causing them to become stiff and straight. Being unable to feed, the nematode eventually dies. Fluopyram provides preventative and curative control and can be used on golf courses, athletic fields, sod, and lawns. It has a caution use label and does not require courses to be closed following application.
Analysis of Alternative New Pesticide (Fluopyram, Flupyradifurone, and Indaziflam) Residues in Pistachio, Date, and Soil by Liquid Chromatography Triple Quadrupole Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Published in Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 2021
Vahideh Mahdavi, Arnavaz Keikavousi Behbahan, Fatemeh Moradi, Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein
Ever since scientists have found about the dangerous effects of pesticides on the environment and human life, many efforts have been made to substitute these materials with less hazardous compounds with better performance and high impact in return for less consumption dose (Geiser 2006). Fluopyram as a fungicide, flupyradifurone as insecticide, and indaziflam as herbicide are novel systemic pesticides developed by Bayer Company (Jeschke 2017). The chemical structure of these three pesticides is shown in Fig 1. Fluopyram is a highly effective compound in controlling a variety of pathogens (Sclerotinia spp, Monilia spp) for more than 70 crops, mainly through inhibiting succinate dehydrogenase and the fungal respiratory chain complex. This chemical can be applied either alone or in combination with other fungicides even at a low rate (Dong and Hu 2014). Flupyradifurone is a new butenolide insecticide that was discovered in 2012. It acts against insects as an agonist on various sucking pests and shows an excellent safety profile (Nauen et al. 2015).