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Africa 
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Hazardous Chemical Substances
Published in Barry L. Johnson, Maureen Y. Lichtveld, Environmental Policy and Public Health, 2017
Barry L. Johnson, Maureen Y. Lichtveld
Environmental Health Criteria (EHC) documents, which are reasonably comprehensive reports of a substance’s toxicity, exposure routes, and human health effects. RELs are usually contained in each document [79]. Approximately 250 chemicals have been subjects of EHC documents. The primary audience for these documents consists of national policymakers, environmental and health officials, and government and private sector risk assessors.
Removal of As(III) and As(V) from water using reduced GO-Fe0 filled PANI composite
Published in Journal of Applied Water Engineering and Research, 2022
Shreemoyee Bordoloi, Rupkamal Chetia, Geetika Borah, Surajit Konwer
Contamination of water from carcinogenic metalloid arsenic is creating a menace worldwide as a long time exposure to arsenic through drinking water can cause severe health problems (Thomas et al. 2007; Chakraborti et al. 2010). Chronic exposure to arsenic-contaminated drinking water is the major cause of arsenic poisoning in developing countries, such as, India (Chakraborti et al. 2002), Bangladesh (Roberts et al. 2011), China (Xie et al. 2009), Vietnam (Kim et al. 2009), where millions of people are using arsenic-contaminated groundwater with concentration above WHO guideline of 10 µg/L for arsenic (WHO, Environmental Health Criteria 224 2001; Berg et al. 2006). Arsenic is released into water sources by natural processes, such as dissolution and weathering of arsenic minerals or by some anthropogenic activities such as mining, use of arsenical pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers in agriculture, industrial effluents, improper disposal of chemical waste etc. Arsenate, As(V) (H3AsO4, , ) along with arsenite, As(III) (H3AsO3, , ), is the primary inorganic form in groundwater (Nickson et al. 2000). Greater attention is required for the removal of As(III) from groundwater due to its higher toxicity and mobility than As(V).
Franz diffusion cell and its implication in skin permeation studies
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2023
Mohit Kumar, Ankita Sharma, Syed Mahmood, Anil Thakur, Mohd Aamir Mirza, Amit Bhatia
The regulation of dermal and transdermal preparations has received noticeably more attention in recent years. A rising number of publications from the United States and Europe support studies on cutaneous absorption. Recently, a marked increase in focus has been placed on the regulation of dermal and transdermal preparations. Studies on cutaneous absorption are supported by an increasing number of publications originating from Europe and the United States. The materials from these publications encourage using a standardized methodology for carrying out cutaneous and transdermal research. “The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has published multiple problems pertaining to this subject. Some of these issues include the Guidance Notes on Dermal Absorption (No. 156),[16] the Test Guidelines 427 and 428 for in-vivo methods [17] and in-vitro methods, respectively,[17] as well as the Guidance Document for the Conduct of Skin Absorption Studies.[18] There are also some other documents, such as the World Health Organization/International Programme on Chemical Safety (WHO/IPCS) Environmental Health Criteria 235,[19] the European Center for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals (ECETOC) Monograph 20,[20] the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) report on dermal exposure assessment. The European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) Guidance on dermal absorption for plant protection products”[21] (Figure 1). All of these documents can be found. However, these publications provide standards for and explanations of how to carry out cutaneous absorption tests. The measurements themselves are not appropriately controlled. Two different approaches are recommended. The commonly used diffusion cell as well as the tape stripping technologies are two examples. To complete the specified test, the scientific literature has a large number of alternative kinds of measures, such as spectroscopic and microscopic approaches.[15]